NURS 257 EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE NURSING
EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
what does evidence- based practice combine? - correct answer ✔✔1. evidence
(published research)
2. clinician expertise
3. pt preferences & values to answer a practical, clinical question
how long can it take for evidence to be implemented into practice? - correct
answer ✔✔15 to 20 years
what does PICO(T) stand for? - correct answer ✔✔P= patient/ population
I= intervention
C= control/ comparison
O= outcome
T= time
what are the six evidence based practice steps? - correct answer ✔✔1. ask a
clinical guiding question
2. search for the best evidence
3. appraise (critically) the evidence
4. integrate the evidence with ones clinical expertise
5. evaluate the outcomes of the EBP practice decision
6. disseminate findings
describe nursing research (NR) - correct answer ✔✔- goal to generate knowledge
- conducts scientific studies when evidence is lacking (systematic inquiry that uses
disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems
- results disseminated widely in peer-reviewed publications
- individuals must give consent to participate
describe quality improvement (QI) - correct answer ✔✔research is complete
(works on implementation and improving care)
- apply knowledge to existing processes
, improvement vs research studies - correct answer ✔✔improvement: aim for
improvement in care, real world observation with before/ after comparison,
accept consistent bias, sample size just enough data (small sequential samples),
hypothesis is flexible & changes as testing takes place, several sequential test, run
charts, data used only by those involved in improvement
research: aim for new knowledge, trial is blinded or controlled, designed to
eliminate bias, enough data to demonstrate statistical significance, fixed
hypothesis, one large test, hypothesis testing and statistical analysis, reattach
subjects identity is protected
therapy PICO question - correct answer ✔✔is this intervention more effective
than another? = use randomized controlled trial (RCT)
diagnostic test PICO question - correct answer ✔✔how accurate is this diagnostic
test?= use prospective, blinded controlled test compared to gold standard test
prognosis PICO question - correct answer ✔✔what is the likely outcome,
progression, or survival time for this condition?= cohort study> case-control> case
series
causation/harm/etiology PICO question - correct answer ✔✔what are the causes
of this condition or state of affairs? = use RCT> cohort study> case-control> case
series
prevention PICO question - correct answer ✔✔How to reduce the risk of this
disease?
- RCT> cohort studies> case-control
cost-effectiveness PICO question - correct answer ✔✔Is intervention X more cost
effective than intervention Y?= use economic analysis
quality of life PICO question - correct answer ✔✔what will the quality of life for
the pt following this intervention?= qualitative study, validated survey
measurement of quality of life
EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
what does evidence- based practice combine? - correct answer ✔✔1. evidence
(published research)
2. clinician expertise
3. pt preferences & values to answer a practical, clinical question
how long can it take for evidence to be implemented into practice? - correct
answer ✔✔15 to 20 years
what does PICO(T) stand for? - correct answer ✔✔P= patient/ population
I= intervention
C= control/ comparison
O= outcome
T= time
what are the six evidence based practice steps? - correct answer ✔✔1. ask a
clinical guiding question
2. search for the best evidence
3. appraise (critically) the evidence
4. integrate the evidence with ones clinical expertise
5. evaluate the outcomes of the EBP practice decision
6. disseminate findings
describe nursing research (NR) - correct answer ✔✔- goal to generate knowledge
- conducts scientific studies when evidence is lacking (systematic inquiry that uses
disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems
- results disseminated widely in peer-reviewed publications
- individuals must give consent to participate
describe quality improvement (QI) - correct answer ✔✔research is complete
(works on implementation and improving care)
- apply knowledge to existing processes
, improvement vs research studies - correct answer ✔✔improvement: aim for
improvement in care, real world observation with before/ after comparison,
accept consistent bias, sample size just enough data (small sequential samples),
hypothesis is flexible & changes as testing takes place, several sequential test, run
charts, data used only by those involved in improvement
research: aim for new knowledge, trial is blinded or controlled, designed to
eliminate bias, enough data to demonstrate statistical significance, fixed
hypothesis, one large test, hypothesis testing and statistical analysis, reattach
subjects identity is protected
therapy PICO question - correct answer ✔✔is this intervention more effective
than another? = use randomized controlled trial (RCT)
diagnostic test PICO question - correct answer ✔✔how accurate is this diagnostic
test?= use prospective, blinded controlled test compared to gold standard test
prognosis PICO question - correct answer ✔✔what is the likely outcome,
progression, or survival time for this condition?= cohort study> case-control> case
series
causation/harm/etiology PICO question - correct answer ✔✔what are the causes
of this condition or state of affairs? = use RCT> cohort study> case-control> case
series
prevention PICO question - correct answer ✔✔How to reduce the risk of this
disease?
- RCT> cohort studies> case-control
cost-effectiveness PICO question - correct answer ✔✔Is intervention X more cost
effective than intervention Y?= use economic analysis
quality of life PICO question - correct answer ✔✔what will the quality of life for
the pt following this intervention?= qualitative study, validated survey
measurement of quality of life
