Grand Canyon University / BIO 202
BIO 202 Exam 2 Questions And Correct Verified Answers New
Updated Version 2026
26
List the three main functions of the lymphatic system. -ANSWER-
1. Fluid recovery
-absorbs plasma proteins and fluid - 10 to 15%- (2 to 4 L/day) from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream
20
---interference with lymphatic drainage leads to severe edema
2. Lipid absorption
-Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids
3. Immunity
-Fluid has to go through lymph nodes on way back to bloodstream where immune cells stand ready
membrane easily
am
Why does it matter that the endothelium of capillaries are only one cell layer thick? -ANSWER- So gas exchange can occur across the
What is emphysema also known as? What happens to the surface area of the lung with emphysema? Why is a person barrel chested with
Ex
emphysema? Are the effects of emphysema reversible? Explain! -ANSWER-
COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
air sacs lose their elasticity and breakdown resulting in a loss of respiratory
surface in the lungs --shortness of breath is the chief symptom (smoking
frequently leads to this disorder)
s
Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe
Air Trapping in alveoli
rt
Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
You don't want emphysema - it is O2 stuck in the lungs
pe
Surface area decreases a lot with emphysema
What are the causes and symptoms of chronic bronchitis? -ANSWER- can kill cilia on epithelia of bronchi - lose escalator - get goblet cell
hypertrophy
- crank out excess mucus - gets trapped there - airways are moist and dark, good food source for bacteria to grow and hang out because it is not
Ex
helping getting it out - chronic bronchitis - can get pneumonia too
What are the causes and symptoms of lung cancer? Why is it such a deadly type of cancer? -ANSWER-
Adenocarcinoma
originates in mucous glands of lamina propria Small-cell (oat cell) carcinoma least common, most dangerous originates in primary bronchi,
invades mediastinum, metastasizes quickly
It is a poor prognosis (only 7% of patients survive 5 years) - presents at a later stage - it has already spread into lymphatics and blood
,Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. Draw a couple of Diffusion:
pictures if you need to! Mixing of two or more substances from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration to distribute an equal amount throughout
Perfume in a room
Osmosis:
Diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution of low
solute concentration (high water potential) to a solution with high solute
concentration (low water potential)
2 6
20
Describe what osmotic pressure is. Now, explain why Phil (albumin/protein in blood) swims through the capillary - water hangs out with Phil
hydrostatic pressure is. Stop! If you don't understand
this,then take some time to goover it again, or else the
lymphatic system won't make sense!
am no matter where in the capillary he is
Phil did not change as he moved through the capillary - he stayed the same and the
water followed him
The osmotic (pulling) pressure is water being pulled into the capillary
Hydrostatic (pushing) pressure is pushing water out of the capillary by the
pressure in BVs created by the heart - Capillary like a garden hose with tiny holes in it
Ex
(doesn't have holes)
Osmotic pressure doesn't change across the capillary because Phil is the same
everywhere
Hydrostatic does change - drops as you get further from the heart - lowers as you go
from arteriole to venule
Filtration - water out of capillaries
ts
Absorption - water into capillaries
r
Diagram the relationship between CHP, IFHP, COP, and IFOP at the
CHP: Circulatory Hydrostatic pressure - In capillary - by heart = CHP (chip) that
pe
arteriole and venule end of a capillary. pushes fluid out
IFHP: Intersitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure -pressure by the fluid that is in the fluid
around capillaries (not much- mostly insignificant)
Ex
COP:Circulatory Osmotic Pressure - pull
IFOP: Interstitial Fluid Osmotice Pressure - trying to pull water out of the capillary
- not that strong- protein trying to pull water out
Does filtration actually ever exactly equal reabsorption? 90% reabsorbed
Explain! The interstitial fluid keeps building and building
Lymphatic system deals with remaining 10% that was never reabsorbed
What exactly is interstitial fluid? Where does it go if it is Interstitial fluid - space around capillaries filled with fluid
not reabsorbed into the capillary? If the capillary does not re-absorb the fluid, the lymphatic system takes it
, List AND describe some causes of edema which wvere discussed Incr. Capillary filtration(incr. capillary BP or permeability)
in class. Poor venous return
Congestive heart failure - pulmonary edema
Insufficient muscular activity
Kidney failure (water retention, hypertension)
Histamine makes capillaries more permeable
Decr. Capillary reabsorption
Hypoproteinemia (oncotic pressure blood albumin) cirrhosis, famine, burns,
kidney disease
Obstructed lymphatic drainage
26
What can edema lead to? Tissue necrosis - dead tissue as result of blood vessels getting smooshed
Pulmonary edema
suffocation
Cerebral edema
20
headaches, nausea, seizures and coma
Circulatory shock
excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume and low BP
How is edema treated? Exercises, Bandages
am Compression garments (socks/TEDS)
Pneumatic compression
Diuretics
NO CURE
Ex
Diagram lymphatic fluid flow from a capillary to a large vein, Pressure in lymphatic is always lower than circulatory system
making sure to indicate where the pressures are highest and (HIGH) Blood capillaries -> interstitial fluid -> lymph capillaries-> lymph veins ->
lowest. lymph ducts -> large circ. veins (LOW)
s
rt
Explain the general flow of lymph through the human Always flowing towards the heart
pe
body. Where are lymphatic vessels absent? Absent from bones, bone marrow, teeth and CNS
Ex
Explain the importance of mini-valves in lymphatic Collagen filaments anchor flaps to connective tissue, so any increase in volume
capillaries. opens valves
When fluid pressure in interstitial space is greater than pressure in lymphatic
capillary, minivalves open the gate - but lymph can't leak back out because
increased pressure in lymphatic capillaries keeps gates closed
BIO 202 Exam 2 Questions And Correct Verified Answers New
Updated Version 2026
26
List the three main functions of the lymphatic system. -ANSWER-
1. Fluid recovery
-absorbs plasma proteins and fluid - 10 to 15%- (2 to 4 L/day) from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream
20
---interference with lymphatic drainage leads to severe edema
2. Lipid absorption
-Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids
3. Immunity
-Fluid has to go through lymph nodes on way back to bloodstream where immune cells stand ready
membrane easily
am
Why does it matter that the endothelium of capillaries are only one cell layer thick? -ANSWER- So gas exchange can occur across the
What is emphysema also known as? What happens to the surface area of the lung with emphysema? Why is a person barrel chested with
Ex
emphysema? Are the effects of emphysema reversible? Explain! -ANSWER-
COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
air sacs lose their elasticity and breakdown resulting in a loss of respiratory
surface in the lungs --shortness of breath is the chief symptom (smoking
frequently leads to this disorder)
s
Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe
Air Trapping in alveoli
rt
Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
You don't want emphysema - it is O2 stuck in the lungs
pe
Surface area decreases a lot with emphysema
What are the causes and symptoms of chronic bronchitis? -ANSWER- can kill cilia on epithelia of bronchi - lose escalator - get goblet cell
hypertrophy
- crank out excess mucus - gets trapped there - airways are moist and dark, good food source for bacteria to grow and hang out because it is not
Ex
helping getting it out - chronic bronchitis - can get pneumonia too
What are the causes and symptoms of lung cancer? Why is it such a deadly type of cancer? -ANSWER-
Adenocarcinoma
originates in mucous glands of lamina propria Small-cell (oat cell) carcinoma least common, most dangerous originates in primary bronchi,
invades mediastinum, metastasizes quickly
It is a poor prognosis (only 7% of patients survive 5 years) - presents at a later stage - it has already spread into lymphatics and blood
,Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. Draw a couple of Diffusion:
pictures if you need to! Mixing of two or more substances from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration to distribute an equal amount throughout
Perfume in a room
Osmosis:
Diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution of low
solute concentration (high water potential) to a solution with high solute
concentration (low water potential)
2 6
20
Describe what osmotic pressure is. Now, explain why Phil (albumin/protein in blood) swims through the capillary - water hangs out with Phil
hydrostatic pressure is. Stop! If you don't understand
this,then take some time to goover it again, or else the
lymphatic system won't make sense!
am no matter where in the capillary he is
Phil did not change as he moved through the capillary - he stayed the same and the
water followed him
The osmotic (pulling) pressure is water being pulled into the capillary
Hydrostatic (pushing) pressure is pushing water out of the capillary by the
pressure in BVs created by the heart - Capillary like a garden hose with tiny holes in it
Ex
(doesn't have holes)
Osmotic pressure doesn't change across the capillary because Phil is the same
everywhere
Hydrostatic does change - drops as you get further from the heart - lowers as you go
from arteriole to venule
Filtration - water out of capillaries
ts
Absorption - water into capillaries
r
Diagram the relationship between CHP, IFHP, COP, and IFOP at the
CHP: Circulatory Hydrostatic pressure - In capillary - by heart = CHP (chip) that
pe
arteriole and venule end of a capillary. pushes fluid out
IFHP: Intersitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure -pressure by the fluid that is in the fluid
around capillaries (not much- mostly insignificant)
Ex
COP:Circulatory Osmotic Pressure - pull
IFOP: Interstitial Fluid Osmotice Pressure - trying to pull water out of the capillary
- not that strong- protein trying to pull water out
Does filtration actually ever exactly equal reabsorption? 90% reabsorbed
Explain! The interstitial fluid keeps building and building
Lymphatic system deals with remaining 10% that was never reabsorbed
What exactly is interstitial fluid? Where does it go if it is Interstitial fluid - space around capillaries filled with fluid
not reabsorbed into the capillary? If the capillary does not re-absorb the fluid, the lymphatic system takes it
, List AND describe some causes of edema which wvere discussed Incr. Capillary filtration(incr. capillary BP or permeability)
in class. Poor venous return
Congestive heart failure - pulmonary edema
Insufficient muscular activity
Kidney failure (water retention, hypertension)
Histamine makes capillaries more permeable
Decr. Capillary reabsorption
Hypoproteinemia (oncotic pressure blood albumin) cirrhosis, famine, burns,
kidney disease
Obstructed lymphatic drainage
26
What can edema lead to? Tissue necrosis - dead tissue as result of blood vessels getting smooshed
Pulmonary edema
suffocation
Cerebral edema
20
headaches, nausea, seizures and coma
Circulatory shock
excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume and low BP
How is edema treated? Exercises, Bandages
am Compression garments (socks/TEDS)
Pneumatic compression
Diuretics
NO CURE
Ex
Diagram lymphatic fluid flow from a capillary to a large vein, Pressure in lymphatic is always lower than circulatory system
making sure to indicate where the pressures are highest and (HIGH) Blood capillaries -> interstitial fluid -> lymph capillaries-> lymph veins ->
lowest. lymph ducts -> large circ. veins (LOW)
s
rt
Explain the general flow of lymph through the human Always flowing towards the heart
pe
body. Where are lymphatic vessels absent? Absent from bones, bone marrow, teeth and CNS
Ex
Explain the importance of mini-valves in lymphatic Collagen filaments anchor flaps to connective tissue, so any increase in volume
capillaries. opens valves
When fluid pressure in interstitial space is greater than pressure in lymphatic
capillary, minivalves open the gate - but lymph can't leak back out because
increased pressure in lymphatic capillaries keeps gates closed
