NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Review 2 | South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2026
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type
1 Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Excessive insulin production
d) Decreased hepatic glucose production
Correct Answer: b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta
cells
Rationale: This leads to absolute insulin deficiency characteristic of
Type 1 Diabetes.
2. In congestive heart failure, the primary cause of pulmonary
edema is:
,a) Decreased oncotic pressure
b) Left ventricular failure leading to increased pulmonary capillary
pressure
c) Right ventricular failure causing systemic congestion
d) Hypovolemia
Correct Answer: b) Left ventricular failure leading to increased
pulmonary capillary pressure
Rationale: Left heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary
circulation, increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing edema.
3. What cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic hypoxia?
a) Metaplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Hypertrophy
d) Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: c) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Cells increase in size to adapt to increased workload or
stress, as seen in cardiac hypertrophy due to hypoxia.
4. The hallmark of nephrotic syndrome is:
a) Hematuria
b) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
c) Decreased serum cholesterol
,d) Oliguria
Correct Answer: b) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
Rationale: Massive protein loss in urine leads to hypoalbuminemia and
edema, characteristic of nephrotic syndrome.
5. What is the primary mechanism of injury in autoimmune
hemolytic anemia?
a) Deficiency of erythropoietin
b) Antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells
c) Iron deficiency
d) Bone marrow failure
Correct Answer: b) Antibody-mediated destruction of red blood
cells
Rationale: Autoantibodies target red blood cells, leading to their
premature destruction.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with
Addison's disease?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypernatremia
, d) Hyponatremia
Correct Answer: a) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Adrenal insufficiency decreases aldosterone, leading to
potassium retention.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in allergic
asthma?
a) Type I (IgE-mediated)
b) Type II (cytotoxic)
c) Type III (immune complex)
d) Type IV (cell-mediated)
Correct Answer: a) Type I (IgE-mediated)
Rationale: Asthma involves an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity causing
bronchoconstriction.
8. Which of the following is true regarding chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) It primarily affects the alveoli and is characterized by decreased
airway resistance
b) It results in irreversible airflow limitation
c) It is fully reversible with bronchodilators
d) It predominantly involves an acute inflammatory process
Midterm Exam Review 2 | South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2026
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type
1 Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Excessive insulin production
d) Decreased hepatic glucose production
Correct Answer: b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta
cells
Rationale: This leads to absolute insulin deficiency characteristic of
Type 1 Diabetes.
2. In congestive heart failure, the primary cause of pulmonary
edema is:
,a) Decreased oncotic pressure
b) Left ventricular failure leading to increased pulmonary capillary
pressure
c) Right ventricular failure causing systemic congestion
d) Hypovolemia
Correct Answer: b) Left ventricular failure leading to increased
pulmonary capillary pressure
Rationale: Left heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary
circulation, increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing edema.
3. What cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic hypoxia?
a) Metaplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Hypertrophy
d) Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: c) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Cells increase in size to adapt to increased workload or
stress, as seen in cardiac hypertrophy due to hypoxia.
4. The hallmark of nephrotic syndrome is:
a) Hematuria
b) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
c) Decreased serum cholesterol
,d) Oliguria
Correct Answer: b) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
Rationale: Massive protein loss in urine leads to hypoalbuminemia and
edema, characteristic of nephrotic syndrome.
5. What is the primary mechanism of injury in autoimmune
hemolytic anemia?
a) Deficiency of erythropoietin
b) Antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells
c) Iron deficiency
d) Bone marrow failure
Correct Answer: b) Antibody-mediated destruction of red blood
cells
Rationale: Autoantibodies target red blood cells, leading to their
premature destruction.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with
Addison's disease?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypernatremia
, d) Hyponatremia
Correct Answer: a) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Adrenal insufficiency decreases aldosterone, leading to
potassium retention.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in allergic
asthma?
a) Type I (IgE-mediated)
b) Type II (cytotoxic)
c) Type III (immune complex)
d) Type IV (cell-mediated)
Correct Answer: a) Type I (IgE-mediated)
Rationale: Asthma involves an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity causing
bronchoconstriction.
8. Which of the following is true regarding chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) It primarily affects the alveoli and is characterized by decreased
airway resistance
b) It results in irreversible airflow limitation
c) It is fully reversible with bronchodilators
d) It predominantly involves an acute inflammatory process
