NR507- Advanced
Pathophysiology Midterm Test
(2026/2027)
Complete Practice Questions and
Correct Detailed Answers with
Rationales | 100% Guaranteed Pass |
New Version
,Secondary Immunodeficiency -conditions where the immune system becomes compromised because of a
complication of some other physiological condition or disease
-can be caused by cancer, effect from a drug (chemotherapeutic agents that
suppress immune system), and infections that compromise the immune system
Ex: Patient with HIV gets pneumocystis carinii
What is is a predominant cause of secondary immune -malnutrition
deficiencies worldwide?
Examples of secondary immunodeficiency -Pneumocystis Carinii
-HIV
-PNA
-Sinus infection
-Lung cancer
Hypersensitivity Type I - allergic reaction
-mediated by IgE
-mast cells are the primary effector cells involved
-inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
Hypersensitivity Type I symptoms Local: itching, rash
Systemic: wheezing
Hypersensitivity Type I example Most dangerous form: anaphylactic reaction -> systemic response ->
hypertension -> severe bronchoconstriction
Treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Hypersensitivity Type II -cytotoxic reaction
-tissue/organ specific
-macrophages are primary effector cells involved
-can cause tissue damage or alter function
Mechanism: Tissue-specific destruction or impairment because of:
1. Antibody binding followed by lysis via complement
2. Antibody binding followed by macrophage phagocytosis
3. Antibody binding followed by neutrophil destruction
4. Antibody-dependent cell (NK)-mediated cytotoxicity
5. Antireceptor antibodies
, Hypersensitivity Type II examples 1. Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism): altering thyroid function, but does not
destroy thyroid tissue
2. Incompatible blood type (ABO incompatibility): cell/tissue damage occurs
-severe transfusion reaction -> transfused erythrocytes destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis
3. Drug allergies
4. Hemolytic anemia
Graves disease -Autoantibodies specific for thyroid tissue impair receptor for TSH
ABO incompatibility -Complement damages RBC membrane and cells lyse
Hypersensitivity Type III -NOT organ specific
-antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released
into the blood of body fluids -> complex is then deposited in the tissues
-organ rejection involved cytotoxicity
-antigens from target cells stimulate T-cells to differentiate into cytotoxic T-
cells
-neutrophils are the primary effector cells
Raynaud's phenomenon -Complex deposited in small peripheral vessels in cool temperatures leading
to vasoconstriction and blocked circulation
Hypersensitivity Type III examples 1. Rheumatoid arthritis: antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints
2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): antigen/antibodies deposit in organs
that cause tissue damage
3. Serum sickness
4. Raynaud's phenomenon
Pathophysiology Midterm Test
(2026/2027)
Complete Practice Questions and
Correct Detailed Answers with
Rationales | 100% Guaranteed Pass |
New Version
,Secondary Immunodeficiency -conditions where the immune system becomes compromised because of a
complication of some other physiological condition or disease
-can be caused by cancer, effect from a drug (chemotherapeutic agents that
suppress immune system), and infections that compromise the immune system
Ex: Patient with HIV gets pneumocystis carinii
What is is a predominant cause of secondary immune -malnutrition
deficiencies worldwide?
Examples of secondary immunodeficiency -Pneumocystis Carinii
-HIV
-PNA
-Sinus infection
-Lung cancer
Hypersensitivity Type I - allergic reaction
-mediated by IgE
-mast cells are the primary effector cells involved
-inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
Hypersensitivity Type I symptoms Local: itching, rash
Systemic: wheezing
Hypersensitivity Type I example Most dangerous form: anaphylactic reaction -> systemic response ->
hypertension -> severe bronchoconstriction
Treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Hypersensitivity Type II -cytotoxic reaction
-tissue/organ specific
-macrophages are primary effector cells involved
-can cause tissue damage or alter function
Mechanism: Tissue-specific destruction or impairment because of:
1. Antibody binding followed by lysis via complement
2. Antibody binding followed by macrophage phagocytosis
3. Antibody binding followed by neutrophil destruction
4. Antibody-dependent cell (NK)-mediated cytotoxicity
5. Antireceptor antibodies
, Hypersensitivity Type II examples 1. Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism): altering thyroid function, but does not
destroy thyroid tissue
2. Incompatible blood type (ABO incompatibility): cell/tissue damage occurs
-severe transfusion reaction -> transfused erythrocytes destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis
3. Drug allergies
4. Hemolytic anemia
Graves disease -Autoantibodies specific for thyroid tissue impair receptor for TSH
ABO incompatibility -Complement damages RBC membrane and cells lyse
Hypersensitivity Type III -NOT organ specific
-antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released
into the blood of body fluids -> complex is then deposited in the tissues
-organ rejection involved cytotoxicity
-antigens from target cells stimulate T-cells to differentiate into cytotoxic T-
cells
-neutrophils are the primary effector cells
Raynaud's phenomenon -Complex deposited in small peripheral vessels in cool temperatures leading
to vasoconstriction and blocked circulation
Hypersensitivity Type III examples 1. Rheumatoid arthritis: antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints
2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): antigen/antibodies deposit in organs
that cause tissue damage
3. Serum sickness
4. Raynaud's phenomenon
