NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. What is blood pressure? - Correct Answer: The force exerted against
arterial walls by the blood as it circulates through the body.
2. What is the systolic component of BP? - Correct Answer: The force
during systole (contraction of the heart).
3. What is the diastolic component of BP? - Correct Answer: The pressure
in the arteries while the heart fills and does not contract.
4. What is blood pressure affected by? - Correct Answer: Cardiac output
and peripheral resistance
5. What is cardiac output? - Correct Answer: Volume of blood ejected by
the heart in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume).
6. What is the CO/PVR formula? - Correct Answer: CO=BP/PVR
7. What is the normal CO in a healthy adult? - Correct Answer: 5 L/min
,8. What does increased PVR lead to? - Correct Answer: Increased BP and
CO
9. RAAS System: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System - Correct Answer:
Renin is produced by the kidneys in response to impaired blood flow &
tissue perfusion, and converts angiotensinogen in the blood to angiotensin
I; ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs. Angiotensin II
then vasoconstricts and stimulates the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone
then promotes Na and water retention as well as K excretion.
10.What does the RAAS System do? - Correct Answer: Increases BP
11.What are abnormalities of endocrine function that are causes of
hypertension? - Correct Answer: Acromegaly
Adrenal hyperplasia
Hyperaldolsteronism
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Pheochromocytoma
12.What is peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)? - Correct Answer: The
resistance the heart must overcome to pump blood through the systemic
circulation. Vasoconstriction increases PVR, whereas vasodilation decreases
it.
,13.How often should normal BP be reassessed? - Correct Answer: Every
year
14.Elevated BP - Correct Answer: 120-129/<80
15.What is the plan for elevated BP? - Correct Answer: Reassess in 3-6
months, non pharmacological management.
16.What are lifestyle changes to lower BP? - Correct Answer: DASH diet,
decreased sodium intake, limited alcohol intake, increased physical activity,
smoking cessation.
17.Stage 1 HTN - Correct Answer: 130-139/80-89
18.What is the plan for Stage 1 HTN? - Correct Answer: Non
pharmacological management and reassess in 3-6 months.
- If patient has heart disease or risk factors, start antihypertensive
medication and reassess in 1 month.
19.Stage 2 HTN - Correct Answer: >140 or >90
20.What is the plan for Stage 2 HTN? - Correct Answer: Start
antihypertensive medication along with non pharmacological management.
Reassess in 1 month.
, 21.Hypertensive crisis - Correct Answer: >180 and/or >120
Requires emergent intervention.
22.Essential HTN - Correct Answer: The most common form (90-95% of
cases), characterized as idiopathic with no identifiable secondary cause. It is
often a complex interaction between genetics and environment.
23.Essential HTN causes - Correct Answer: Obesity
High dietary sodium intake
Increased renin levels
Genetics
Age
Insulin resistance
Smoking
Alcohol intake
Long-term stress
24.Secondary HTN - Correct Answer: Elevated BP resulting from other
conditions such as Diabetes Mellitus, renal disease, or endocrine
dysfunction.
25.Secondary HTN causes - Correct Answer: Renal disease
Adrenal gland malfunction
Coarctation of the aorta
Pregnancy
Medications
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. What is blood pressure? - Correct Answer: The force exerted against
arterial walls by the blood as it circulates through the body.
2. What is the systolic component of BP? - Correct Answer: The force
during systole (contraction of the heart).
3. What is the diastolic component of BP? - Correct Answer: The pressure
in the arteries while the heart fills and does not contract.
4. What is blood pressure affected by? - Correct Answer: Cardiac output
and peripheral resistance
5. What is cardiac output? - Correct Answer: Volume of blood ejected by
the heart in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume).
6. What is the CO/PVR formula? - Correct Answer: CO=BP/PVR
7. What is the normal CO in a healthy adult? - Correct Answer: 5 L/min
,8. What does increased PVR lead to? - Correct Answer: Increased BP and
CO
9. RAAS System: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System - Correct Answer:
Renin is produced by the kidneys in response to impaired blood flow &
tissue perfusion, and converts angiotensinogen in the blood to angiotensin
I; ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs. Angiotensin II
then vasoconstricts and stimulates the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone
then promotes Na and water retention as well as K excretion.
10.What does the RAAS System do? - Correct Answer: Increases BP
11.What are abnormalities of endocrine function that are causes of
hypertension? - Correct Answer: Acromegaly
Adrenal hyperplasia
Hyperaldolsteronism
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Pheochromocytoma
12.What is peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)? - Correct Answer: The
resistance the heart must overcome to pump blood through the systemic
circulation. Vasoconstriction increases PVR, whereas vasodilation decreases
it.
,13.How often should normal BP be reassessed? - Correct Answer: Every
year
14.Elevated BP - Correct Answer: 120-129/<80
15.What is the plan for elevated BP? - Correct Answer: Reassess in 3-6
months, non pharmacological management.
16.What are lifestyle changes to lower BP? - Correct Answer: DASH diet,
decreased sodium intake, limited alcohol intake, increased physical activity,
smoking cessation.
17.Stage 1 HTN - Correct Answer: 130-139/80-89
18.What is the plan for Stage 1 HTN? - Correct Answer: Non
pharmacological management and reassess in 3-6 months.
- If patient has heart disease or risk factors, start antihypertensive
medication and reassess in 1 month.
19.Stage 2 HTN - Correct Answer: >140 or >90
20.What is the plan for Stage 2 HTN? - Correct Answer: Start
antihypertensive medication along with non pharmacological management.
Reassess in 1 month.
, 21.Hypertensive crisis - Correct Answer: >180 and/or >120
Requires emergent intervention.
22.Essential HTN - Correct Answer: The most common form (90-95% of
cases), characterized as idiopathic with no identifiable secondary cause. It is
often a complex interaction between genetics and environment.
23.Essential HTN causes - Correct Answer: Obesity
High dietary sodium intake
Increased renin levels
Genetics
Age
Insulin resistance
Smoking
Alcohol intake
Long-term stress
24.Secondary HTN - Correct Answer: Elevated BP resulting from other
conditions such as Diabetes Mellitus, renal disease, or endocrine
dysfunction.
25.Secondary HTN causes - Correct Answer: Renal disease
Adrenal gland malfunction
Coarctation of the aorta
Pregnancy
Medications
