Clin Apps 2 Unit 2 Exam
(2025-2026)
Question and Answers
Expert Verified
(With A+ Grades Guarantee)
,Artheroma fatty deposits in coronary arteries
Intima inside layer of a vessel
collateral circulation arterial anastomoses within coronary circulation
C-reactive protein increased in many pt with CAD
CAD blood vessel disorder generalized as atherosclerosis
Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD -age
-gender
-ethnicity
-family history
-genetic predisposition
Modifiable risk factors for CAD -elevated serum lipids
-alcohol
-tobacco
-HTN
-obesity
-physical inactivity
-metabolic syndrome
-DM
-homocysteine level
CAD Nutritional therapy -decreased saturated fats and cholesterol
-increased complex carbohydrates and fiber
-decreased red meat, egg yolks, whole milk
-increased omega 3 fatty acids
Statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis, decrease LDL and CRP, increase HDL
Monitoring with statins liver damage & myopathy
Niacin lowers LDL and triglycerides, increases HDL
Niacin side effects -flushing
-pruritus
-GI upset
-orthostatic hypotension
Fibric acid derivative decreased triglycerides and increase HDL
GI side effects
, Bile acid sequestrants Increase conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
GI side effects; bind with other drugs
Ezetimibe decrease absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol
CAD Angina Pain -pressure/ache
-squeezing, heavy, choking, or suffocating sensation
-rarely sharp or stabbing
-indigestion or burning
-various locations
Clinical manifestations of CAD angina -lack of oxygen and glucose leads to anaerobic metabolism
-lactic acid irritates nerve fibers to pain in cardiac nerves
-referred pain from transmission to the upper throacic posterior nerve roots
Silent ischemia ischemia that occurs in the absence of any subjective symptoms
-associated with diabetic neuropathy
-confirmed by ECG changes
Nocturnal angina occurs only at night but not necessarily during sleep
Angina decubitis -Chest pain that occurs only while lying down
-Relieved by standing or sitting
Prinzmetal's (variant) angina -Occurs at rest usually in response to spasm of major coronary artery
Who is prinzmetal's (variant) angina seen in -hx of migraines
-hx raynaud's
treatment of prinzmetal's angina nitroglycerin and calcium channel blockers
Microvascular angina -chest pain occurs in the absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis or
coronary spasm
-myocardial ischemia associated with abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation
Chronic stable angina diagnostics -chest xray
-CK/troponin, BNP, K + Mg
-12 lead ECG
-calcium score screening heart scan
-echocardiogram
-exercise stress test
-pharmacologic nuclear imaging
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) peak pressure against arteries during ventricular contraction
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) residual pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation
(2025-2026)
Question and Answers
Expert Verified
(With A+ Grades Guarantee)
,Artheroma fatty deposits in coronary arteries
Intima inside layer of a vessel
collateral circulation arterial anastomoses within coronary circulation
C-reactive protein increased in many pt with CAD
CAD blood vessel disorder generalized as atherosclerosis
Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD -age
-gender
-ethnicity
-family history
-genetic predisposition
Modifiable risk factors for CAD -elevated serum lipids
-alcohol
-tobacco
-HTN
-obesity
-physical inactivity
-metabolic syndrome
-DM
-homocysteine level
CAD Nutritional therapy -decreased saturated fats and cholesterol
-increased complex carbohydrates and fiber
-decreased red meat, egg yolks, whole milk
-increased omega 3 fatty acids
Statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis, decrease LDL and CRP, increase HDL
Monitoring with statins liver damage & myopathy
Niacin lowers LDL and triglycerides, increases HDL
Niacin side effects -flushing
-pruritus
-GI upset
-orthostatic hypotension
Fibric acid derivative decreased triglycerides and increase HDL
GI side effects
, Bile acid sequestrants Increase conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
GI side effects; bind with other drugs
Ezetimibe decrease absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol
CAD Angina Pain -pressure/ache
-squeezing, heavy, choking, or suffocating sensation
-rarely sharp or stabbing
-indigestion or burning
-various locations
Clinical manifestations of CAD angina -lack of oxygen and glucose leads to anaerobic metabolism
-lactic acid irritates nerve fibers to pain in cardiac nerves
-referred pain from transmission to the upper throacic posterior nerve roots
Silent ischemia ischemia that occurs in the absence of any subjective symptoms
-associated with diabetic neuropathy
-confirmed by ECG changes
Nocturnal angina occurs only at night but not necessarily during sleep
Angina decubitis -Chest pain that occurs only while lying down
-Relieved by standing or sitting
Prinzmetal's (variant) angina -Occurs at rest usually in response to spasm of major coronary artery
Who is prinzmetal's (variant) angina seen in -hx of migraines
-hx raynaud's
treatment of prinzmetal's angina nitroglycerin and calcium channel blockers
Microvascular angina -chest pain occurs in the absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis or
coronary spasm
-myocardial ischemia associated with abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation
Chronic stable angina diagnostics -chest xray
-CK/troponin, BNP, K + Mg
-12 lead ECG
-calcium score screening heart scan
-echocardiogram
-exercise stress test
-pharmacologic nuclear imaging
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) peak pressure against arteries during ventricular contraction
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) residual pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation
