BIOCHEM EXAM 4
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1. hormones small molecules or proteins that connect all the organs in the body, released into
the bloodstream and act through specific receptors to elicit changes in cellular
activities
2. signal transduc- Signal ’reception ’transduction ’response(s)
tion pathway
3. glucagon hormone released from pancreas when blood glucose is low (fasting state), binds
to receptors on liver and fat cells
4. epinephrine released from adrenal glands during activity (exercise or stress), binds to recep-
tors on liver, fat, and muscle cells
5. insulin released from pancreas when blood glucose is high (fed state), binds to receptors
on fat, liver, and muscle cells
6. leptin hormone released from fat cells after a meal, binds to receptors in the brain which
signals to stop eating (suppresses appetite)
7. fed state during times of feeding our body decreases high levels of glucose in the blood by
transporting it into cells. Glucose can be used to produce ATP. Excess glucose is
converted into other biomolecules, such as carbohydrate, lipid, protein, metabo-
lites, and nucleotides
8. processes occur- Glycolysis (all tissue, cytosol)
ring during the Fatty acid synthesis (liver, adipose tissue, cytosol)
fed state Cholesterol synthesis (liver, cytoson + ER)
Pentose phosphate pathway (all tissue, cytosol)
9. fasting state during times of fasting our body releases or produces stored forms of fuel
molecules which can be used by tissues throughout the body
10. Glycogenolysis (liver, cytosol)
Gluconeogenesis (liver, cytosol + mitochondria) law, and mathematics. These disciplines not only have distinct
areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-
specific knowledge. In this essay, we
, BIOCHEM EXAM 4
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processes occur- Lipolysis (adipose tissue, cytosol)
ring in the fasting Ketogenesis (liver, mitochondria)
state
11. carbohydrates aldehydes or ketones with at least two hydroxyl groups, or substances that yield
such compounds on hydrolysis
12. monosaccha- simple sugars, consist of a polyhydroxyl aldehyde or ketone unit (Aldehydes or
rides ketones that contain two or more alcohol groups)
13. disaccharides two monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bond
14. Oligosaccharides short chains of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by glycosidic bonds
15. Polysaccharides sugar polymers with 10+ monosaccharide units
16. why do common The chemical basis for ring formation is that an aldehyde or ketone can react with
sugars exist in an alcohol on the asymmetric carbon atom farthest from the aldehyde or ketone
cyclic form (increased stability)
17. anomeric carbon the carbonyl carbon atom
18. alpha form of a the hydroxyl at the anomeric carbon (C-1) is on the opposite face of the ring
sugar relative to the exocyclic carbon at C-6
19. beta form of a the hydroxyl at the anomeric carbon (C-1) is on the same face of the ring relative
sugar to the exocyclic carbon at C-6
20. Glycosidic bonds covalent linkage joining two monosaccharides
21. O-glycosidic formed when a hydroxyl group of one sugar molecule reacts with the anomeric
bond carbon of the other
22. N-glycosidic formed between the anomeric carbon atom and an amine law, and mathematics. These disciplines not
only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different cognitive abilities, analytical
bond
skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we
, BIOCHEM EXAM 4
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23. Glycogen the storage form of glucose in animal cells
24. glycogen struc- Most glucose units in glycogen are linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds with
ture branches formed by alpha-1,6-glycosidic every 10-12 glucose units
Curved structure
25. cellulose linkage beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages
26. reducing sugar any monosaccharide with a hemiacetal ring (contains a carbon with a single bond
to OH and a single bond to OR when R is a carbon group), sugars that react with
oxidizing agents
27. what hormone is glucagon released from the pancreas
secreted during
the unfed state
28. pathways activat- glycogenolysis (liver/cytosol)
ed during the gluconeogenesis (liver/cystol+mitochondria)
fasting state lipolysis (adipose tissue/cytosol)
beta-oxidation (liver/mitochondria)
ketogenesis (liver/mitochondria)
29. Fates of glucose In the muscle cell: enters glycolysis to supply energy (ATP) to cells
6-P from glyco- In the liver cell: the phosphate can be removed, allowing free glucose to be
gen breakdown transported out of the cell to replenish levels of circulating blood glucose
30. glycogen func- energy storage in animals
tion
31. glycogen break- 1. glycogen phosphorylase removes glucose units from non-reducing ends of
down steps glycogen, producing glucose-1-phosphate. Acts repetitively until it reaches a point
(glycogenolysis) four glucose residues away from an alpha 1’6 branch point
2. Debranching enzyme transfers branches onto main chains and releases the law,
and mathematics. These disciplines not only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam
testing different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hl7wjo
1. hormones small molecules or proteins that connect all the organs in the body, released into
the bloodstream and act through specific receptors to elicit changes in cellular
activities
2. signal transduc- Signal ’reception ’transduction ’response(s)
tion pathway
3. glucagon hormone released from pancreas when blood glucose is low (fasting state), binds
to receptors on liver and fat cells
4. epinephrine released from adrenal glands during activity (exercise or stress), binds to recep-
tors on liver, fat, and muscle cells
5. insulin released from pancreas when blood glucose is high (fed state), binds to receptors
on fat, liver, and muscle cells
6. leptin hormone released from fat cells after a meal, binds to receptors in the brain which
signals to stop eating (suppresses appetite)
7. fed state during times of feeding our body decreases high levels of glucose in the blood by
transporting it into cells. Glucose can be used to produce ATP. Excess glucose is
converted into other biomolecules, such as carbohydrate, lipid, protein, metabo-
lites, and nucleotides
8. processes occur- Glycolysis (all tissue, cytosol)
ring during the Fatty acid synthesis (liver, adipose tissue, cytosol)
fed state Cholesterol synthesis (liver, cytoson + ER)
Pentose phosphate pathway (all tissue, cytosol)
9. fasting state during times of fasting our body releases or produces stored forms of fuel
molecules which can be used by tissues throughout the body
10. Glycogenolysis (liver, cytosol)
Gluconeogenesis (liver, cytosol + mitochondria) law, and mathematics. These disciplines not only have distinct
areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-
specific knowledge. In this essay, we
, BIOCHEM EXAM 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hl7wjo
processes occur- Lipolysis (adipose tissue, cytosol)
ring in the fasting Ketogenesis (liver, mitochondria)
state
11. carbohydrates aldehydes or ketones with at least two hydroxyl groups, or substances that yield
such compounds on hydrolysis
12. monosaccha- simple sugars, consist of a polyhydroxyl aldehyde or ketone unit (Aldehydes or
rides ketones that contain two or more alcohol groups)
13. disaccharides two monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bond
14. Oligosaccharides short chains of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by glycosidic bonds
15. Polysaccharides sugar polymers with 10+ monosaccharide units
16. why do common The chemical basis for ring formation is that an aldehyde or ketone can react with
sugars exist in an alcohol on the asymmetric carbon atom farthest from the aldehyde or ketone
cyclic form (increased stability)
17. anomeric carbon the carbonyl carbon atom
18. alpha form of a the hydroxyl at the anomeric carbon (C-1) is on the opposite face of the ring
sugar relative to the exocyclic carbon at C-6
19. beta form of a the hydroxyl at the anomeric carbon (C-1) is on the same face of the ring relative
sugar to the exocyclic carbon at C-6
20. Glycosidic bonds covalent linkage joining two monosaccharides
21. O-glycosidic formed when a hydroxyl group of one sugar molecule reacts with the anomeric
bond carbon of the other
22. N-glycosidic formed between the anomeric carbon atom and an amine law, and mathematics. These disciplines not
only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different cognitive abilities, analytical
bond
skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we
, BIOCHEM EXAM 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hl7wjo
23. Glycogen the storage form of glucose in animal cells
24. glycogen struc- Most glucose units in glycogen are linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds with
ture branches formed by alpha-1,6-glycosidic every 10-12 glucose units
Curved structure
25. cellulose linkage beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages
26. reducing sugar any monosaccharide with a hemiacetal ring (contains a carbon with a single bond
to OH and a single bond to OR when R is a carbon group), sugars that react with
oxidizing agents
27. what hormone is glucagon released from the pancreas
secreted during
the unfed state
28. pathways activat- glycogenolysis (liver/cytosol)
ed during the gluconeogenesis (liver/cystol+mitochondria)
fasting state lipolysis (adipose tissue/cytosol)
beta-oxidation (liver/mitochondria)
ketogenesis (liver/mitochondria)
29. Fates of glucose In the muscle cell: enters glycolysis to supply energy (ATP) to cells
6-P from glyco- In the liver cell: the phosphate can be removed, allowing free glucose to be
gen breakdown transported out of the cell to replenish levels of circulating blood glucose
30. glycogen func- energy storage in animals
tion
31. glycogen break- 1. glycogen phosphorylase removes glucose units from non-reducing ends of
down steps glycogen, producing glucose-1-phosphate. Acts repetitively until it reaches a point
(glycogenolysis) four glucose residues away from an alpha 1’6 branch point
2. Debranching enzyme transfers branches onto main chains and releases the law,
and mathematics. These disciplines not only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam
testing different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we
