RELIAS ASSESSMENTS ASSISTANCE MATERIAL RN
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 2026 UPDATE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
Antibiotics - ANS-Antibiotics are agents made from living microorganisms,
synthetic manufacturing, and genetic engineering that are used to inhibit specific
bacteria. They can be bacteriostatic, bactericidal, or both.
The major classes of antibiotics include: aminoglycosides, penicillins and
penicillinase-resistant drugs, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and antimycobacterials
(e.g. antitubercular and leprostatic)
Others include ketolides, lincosamides, lipoglycopeptides, macrolides, and
monobactams.
General and Local Anesthetics - ANS-Anesthetics are drugs used to cause
complete or partial loss of sensation. These drugs are subdivided based on site
of action and can either be general or local. General anesthetics can cause
central nervous system (CNS) depression to produce loss of pain sensation and
consciousness. On the other hand, local anesthetics cause the same sensation
and feeling in a certain area of the body without producing the systemic effects
related to severe CNS depression.
Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs - ANS-Anxiolytic-hypnotics agents are used to alter
an individual's responses to environmental stimuli. These agents are referred to
as anxiolytics (prevent feelings of tension or fear), sedatives (help patient feel
calm and unaware of their environment), and hypnotics (help patients sleep).
Psychotherapeutic Drugs - ANS-Psychotherapeutic agents are drugs that are used
to treat problems in thought processes of individuals with both perceptual and
behavioral disorders. These agents do not provide cure for psychoses but they
help both adult and pediatric patients perform activities of daily living and
function in a more acceptable manner.
Muscle Relaxants - ANS-Local damage to skeletal muscles can happen due to
injuries and accidents. If the damage is severe, normal muscular functioning and
central nervous system may be permanently damaged.
Spasticity is a condition characterized by sustained contractions of the muscle. It
is due to the loss of nerves responsible for the maintenance of balance in
corresponding muscle activities.
Skeletal muscle relaxants are agents that can treat both temporary and
permanent neuronal damage. They do this by interfering with the pain and spasm
cycle.
, Antidepressants - ANS-Antidepressants are used to alter the concentration of
neurotransmitters in the brain that is responsible for the depressed affect
(feelings in response to the environment, whether positive and pleasant or
negative and unpleasant).
These drugs counteract the effects of neurotransmitter deficiencies in three
ways:
Inhibit the effects of monoamine oxidase (MAO) resulting to increased
norepinephrine and serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the synaptic cleft;
Block the reuptake function of the synaptic cleft resulting to increased
neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft; and
Regulate receptor sites and breakdown of neurotransmitters resulting in
accumulation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.
Antidepressants are classified into three groups: tricyclic antidepressants
(TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs).
Narcotics, Narcotic Antagonists, and Antimigraine Agents - ANS-Narcotics and
antimigraine agents provide treatment for acute or chronic severe pain. These
agents exert their effect on the brain and spinal cord to alter the way impulses
from peripheral nerves are processed. As a result, pain perception and tolerance
are altered.
Drugs Affecting Coagulation (Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, Thrombolytics) - ANS-These
groups of drugs affect clot formation and resolution by hindering different steps
in clotting formation which include altering the formation of platelet plug
(antiplatelet drugs), interfering the clotting cascade and thrombin formation
(anticoagulant drugs), and stimulating the plasmin system to break down the
formed clot (thrombolytic agents).
Diuretics - ANS-Diuretics are drugs that primarily increase the excretion of
sodium. To some extent, they also increase the volume of urine produced by the
kidneys.
By blocking the absorptive capacity of cells lining the renal tubules for sodium,
intravascular volume and the eventual leaking of fluid from capillaries is reduced
and prevented.
It is used in the management of diseases like glaucoma, hypertension, and edema
in heart failure, liver failure, and renal diseases.
Antihypertensive Drugs - ANS-Antihypertensive drugs affect different areas of
blood pressure control so in most cases, these agents are combined for
synergistic effect.
Ninety percent of cases of hypertension have no known cause. Therefore, the
main action of antihypertensive agents is to alter the body's regulating
mechanisms (e.g. baroreceptors, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, etc.)
responsible for maintaining normal blood pressure.
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 2026 UPDATE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
Antibiotics - ANS-Antibiotics are agents made from living microorganisms,
synthetic manufacturing, and genetic engineering that are used to inhibit specific
bacteria. They can be bacteriostatic, bactericidal, or both.
The major classes of antibiotics include: aminoglycosides, penicillins and
penicillinase-resistant drugs, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and antimycobacterials
(e.g. antitubercular and leprostatic)
Others include ketolides, lincosamides, lipoglycopeptides, macrolides, and
monobactams.
General and Local Anesthetics - ANS-Anesthetics are drugs used to cause
complete or partial loss of sensation. These drugs are subdivided based on site
of action and can either be general or local. General anesthetics can cause
central nervous system (CNS) depression to produce loss of pain sensation and
consciousness. On the other hand, local anesthetics cause the same sensation
and feeling in a certain area of the body without producing the systemic effects
related to severe CNS depression.
Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs - ANS-Anxiolytic-hypnotics agents are used to alter
an individual's responses to environmental stimuli. These agents are referred to
as anxiolytics (prevent feelings of tension or fear), sedatives (help patient feel
calm and unaware of their environment), and hypnotics (help patients sleep).
Psychotherapeutic Drugs - ANS-Psychotherapeutic agents are drugs that are used
to treat problems in thought processes of individuals with both perceptual and
behavioral disorders. These agents do not provide cure for psychoses but they
help both adult and pediatric patients perform activities of daily living and
function in a more acceptable manner.
Muscle Relaxants - ANS-Local damage to skeletal muscles can happen due to
injuries and accidents. If the damage is severe, normal muscular functioning and
central nervous system may be permanently damaged.
Spasticity is a condition characterized by sustained contractions of the muscle. It
is due to the loss of nerves responsible for the maintenance of balance in
corresponding muscle activities.
Skeletal muscle relaxants are agents that can treat both temporary and
permanent neuronal damage. They do this by interfering with the pain and spasm
cycle.
, Antidepressants - ANS-Antidepressants are used to alter the concentration of
neurotransmitters in the brain that is responsible for the depressed affect
(feelings in response to the environment, whether positive and pleasant or
negative and unpleasant).
These drugs counteract the effects of neurotransmitter deficiencies in three
ways:
Inhibit the effects of monoamine oxidase (MAO) resulting to increased
norepinephrine and serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the synaptic cleft;
Block the reuptake function of the synaptic cleft resulting to increased
neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft; and
Regulate receptor sites and breakdown of neurotransmitters resulting in
accumulation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.
Antidepressants are classified into three groups: tricyclic antidepressants
(TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs).
Narcotics, Narcotic Antagonists, and Antimigraine Agents - ANS-Narcotics and
antimigraine agents provide treatment for acute or chronic severe pain. These
agents exert their effect on the brain and spinal cord to alter the way impulses
from peripheral nerves are processed. As a result, pain perception and tolerance
are altered.
Drugs Affecting Coagulation (Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, Thrombolytics) - ANS-These
groups of drugs affect clot formation and resolution by hindering different steps
in clotting formation which include altering the formation of platelet plug
(antiplatelet drugs), interfering the clotting cascade and thrombin formation
(anticoagulant drugs), and stimulating the plasmin system to break down the
formed clot (thrombolytic agents).
Diuretics - ANS-Diuretics are drugs that primarily increase the excretion of
sodium. To some extent, they also increase the volume of urine produced by the
kidneys.
By blocking the absorptive capacity of cells lining the renal tubules for sodium,
intravascular volume and the eventual leaking of fluid from capillaries is reduced
and prevented.
It is used in the management of diseases like glaucoma, hypertension, and edema
in heart failure, liver failure, and renal diseases.
Antihypertensive Drugs - ANS-Antihypertensive drugs affect different areas of
blood pressure control so in most cases, these agents are combined for
synergistic effect.
Ninety percent of cases of hypertension have no known cause. Therefore, the
main action of antihypertensive agents is to alter the body's regulating
mechanisms (e.g. baroreceptors, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, etc.)
responsible for maintaining normal blood pressure.
