Herzing University Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2026) |
Questions & Verified Answers | Comprehensive Disease
Process Review
1. Describe the genetic condition that results in a fetus having 92
chromosomes and how it differs from other chromosomal abnormalities.
The condition is tetraploidy, which means the fetus has four sets
of chromosomes, unlike triploidy which has three sets.
The condition is aneuploidy, which refers to an abnormal number
of chromosomes.
The condition is triploidy, which has three sets of chromosomes,
leading to developmental issues.
The condition is euploidy, which indicates a normal set of
chromosomes.
2. In a clinical scenario where mast cells are inhibited from degranulating,
what effect would this have on the inflammatory response?
The inflammatory response would lead to increased tissue repair.
The inflammatory response would be exaggerated.
The inflammatory response would be diminished.
The inflammatory response would remain unchanged.
3. If a gamete undergoes nondisjunction during meiosis, what would be
the expected chromosomal outcome in the resulting zygote?
The zygote will have missing chromosomes, leading to
aneuploidy without any specific condition.
The zygote will have double the normal number of
chromosomes, resulting in polyploidy.
The zygote may have an abnormal number of chromosomes,
leading to conditions such as trisomy or monosomy.
, The zygote will have a normal number of chromosomes,
ensuring typical development.
4. Describe the process of osmosis and its significance in cellular function.
Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane, which is crucial for maintaining cell turgor and
homeostasis.
Osmosis is the transport of glucose into cells for energy
production.
Osmosis is the process of blood circulation in the body.
Osmosis refers to the movement of electrolytes in and out of
cells.
5. What is a key characteristic of the immune response compared to the
inflammatory response?
Has no memory
Is faster
Recognizes specific invaders
Is less effective at fighting microorganisms
6. Describe the process of metaplasia and its significance in tissue
adaptation.
Metaplasia refers to the formation of scar tissue after injury.
Metaplasia is the process of cell death due to injury.
Metaplasia is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in a
tissue.
Metaplasia is the process where normal cells are replaced by
another type of cell, often as an adaptive response to stress or
injury.
,7. In a clinical scenario, if a patient presents with a contusion on the thigh
after a fall, what immediate treatment should be prioritized to manage
the injury?
Suture the skin to close any tears.
Apply a bandage to cover the area.
Control bleeding and reduce swelling.
Perform surgery to repair underlying tissues.
8. Mast cells can be stimulated to degranulate by...
PAMPs
Antibodies
Complement fragments
All of the above
9. What process do mast cells use to release inflammatory mediators?
Hemolysis
Endocytosis
Degranulation
Cytokinesis
10. There is an autosomal dominant disease that runs in a family. The
husband has the disease but his mother didn't. The wife doesn't have
the disease. What is the risk of the couple having a child with the
disease?
100%
25%
, 50%
There's no risk
11. People who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the
disease; this is because of the genetic principle of:
dominance.
penetrance.
recessiveness.
expressivity.
12. Describe how maternal nondisjunction leads to Down syndrome.
Paternal nondisjunction is the failure of paternal chromosomes
to separate, which is the main cause of Down syndrome.
Maternal translocations involve the rearrangement of genetic
material, which can lead to Down syndrome.
Paternal translocations are genetic rearrangements that do not
contribute to Down syndrome.
Maternal nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to
separate properly during meiosis, resulting in an egg with an
extra chromosome 21.
13. In a clinical scenario where a patient has a compromised immune
system, how might the lack of opsonization affect their ability to fight
infections?
The patient may have increased susceptibility to infections due
to reduced phagocytosis of pathogens.
The patient will have improved clotting mechanisms, reducing
bleeding.
The patient will show no change in their ability to fight
Questions & Verified Answers | Comprehensive Disease
Process Review
1. Describe the genetic condition that results in a fetus having 92
chromosomes and how it differs from other chromosomal abnormalities.
The condition is tetraploidy, which means the fetus has four sets
of chromosomes, unlike triploidy which has three sets.
The condition is aneuploidy, which refers to an abnormal number
of chromosomes.
The condition is triploidy, which has three sets of chromosomes,
leading to developmental issues.
The condition is euploidy, which indicates a normal set of
chromosomes.
2. In a clinical scenario where mast cells are inhibited from degranulating,
what effect would this have on the inflammatory response?
The inflammatory response would lead to increased tissue repair.
The inflammatory response would be exaggerated.
The inflammatory response would be diminished.
The inflammatory response would remain unchanged.
3. If a gamete undergoes nondisjunction during meiosis, what would be
the expected chromosomal outcome in the resulting zygote?
The zygote will have missing chromosomes, leading to
aneuploidy without any specific condition.
The zygote will have double the normal number of
chromosomes, resulting in polyploidy.
The zygote may have an abnormal number of chromosomes,
leading to conditions such as trisomy or monosomy.
, The zygote will have a normal number of chromosomes,
ensuring typical development.
4. Describe the process of osmosis and its significance in cellular function.
Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane, which is crucial for maintaining cell turgor and
homeostasis.
Osmosis is the transport of glucose into cells for energy
production.
Osmosis is the process of blood circulation in the body.
Osmosis refers to the movement of electrolytes in and out of
cells.
5. What is a key characteristic of the immune response compared to the
inflammatory response?
Has no memory
Is faster
Recognizes specific invaders
Is less effective at fighting microorganisms
6. Describe the process of metaplasia and its significance in tissue
adaptation.
Metaplasia refers to the formation of scar tissue after injury.
Metaplasia is the process of cell death due to injury.
Metaplasia is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in a
tissue.
Metaplasia is the process where normal cells are replaced by
another type of cell, often as an adaptive response to stress or
injury.
,7. In a clinical scenario, if a patient presents with a contusion on the thigh
after a fall, what immediate treatment should be prioritized to manage
the injury?
Suture the skin to close any tears.
Apply a bandage to cover the area.
Control bleeding and reduce swelling.
Perform surgery to repair underlying tissues.
8. Mast cells can be stimulated to degranulate by...
PAMPs
Antibodies
Complement fragments
All of the above
9. What process do mast cells use to release inflammatory mediators?
Hemolysis
Endocytosis
Degranulation
Cytokinesis
10. There is an autosomal dominant disease that runs in a family. The
husband has the disease but his mother didn't. The wife doesn't have
the disease. What is the risk of the couple having a child with the
disease?
100%
25%
, 50%
There's no risk
11. People who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the
disease; this is because of the genetic principle of:
dominance.
penetrance.
recessiveness.
expressivity.
12. Describe how maternal nondisjunction leads to Down syndrome.
Paternal nondisjunction is the failure of paternal chromosomes
to separate, which is the main cause of Down syndrome.
Maternal translocations involve the rearrangement of genetic
material, which can lead to Down syndrome.
Paternal translocations are genetic rearrangements that do not
contribute to Down syndrome.
Maternal nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to
separate properly during meiosis, resulting in an egg with an
extra chromosome 21.
13. In a clinical scenario where a patient has a compromised immune
system, how might the lack of opsonization affect their ability to fight
infections?
The patient may have increased susceptibility to infections due
to reduced phagocytosis of pathogens.
The patient will have improved clotting mechanisms, reducing
bleeding.
The patient will show no change in their ability to fight
