NUR 376 NURSING RESEARCH AND
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EXAMS
1–4) COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWV
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which element of a PICO question refers to the specific characteristic that is desired to be
changed or influenced?
A. Population
B. Outcome
C. Intervention
D. Comparison
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Outcome (O) in a PICO question represents the end result or
the specific effect that the intervention is intended to produce or change.
2. In the hierarchy of evidence, which of the following is considered the highest level of
evidence for a therapy or intervention question?
A. Systematic Review of RCTs
B. Single Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
,C. Cohort Study
D. Expert Opinion
E. Case-Control Study
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Systematic reviews (especially meta-analyses) of multiple RCTs
sit at the top of the evidence hierarchy because they synthesize findings from several high-
quality studies.
3. According to the Belmont Report, which ethical principle requires that researchers
minimize harm and maximize benefits for study participants?
A. Justice
B. Beneficence
C. Respect for Persons
D. Fidelity
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Beneficence is the ethical principle of ‘doing good’ and ensuring
that the risks to participants are weighed against the potential benefits.
4. Which of the following describes ‘vulnerable populations’ in nursing research?
A. Individuals who have high socioeconomic status
B. Researchers who work with sensitive data
, C. Any participant enrolled in a clinical trial
D. Persons with diminished autonomy who cannot give fully informed consent
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Vulnerable populations include children, prisoners, pregnant
women, and people with cognitive impairments who may be susceptible to coercion or lack
the capacity for full consent.
5. A researcher is studying the effect of a new wound care product. The variable that is being
manipulated by the researcher is known as the:
A. Dependent variable
B. Extraneous variable
C. Independent variable
D. Confounding variable
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The independent variable is the one being manipulated or the
intervention being tested to see its effect on the outcome.
6. What is the primary purpose of a research hypothesis?
A. To prove the researcher’s opinion is correct
B. To summarize the results of the data analysis
C. To provide a formal statement of the expected relationship between variables
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EXAMS
1–4) COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWV
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which element of a PICO question refers to the specific characteristic that is desired to be
changed or influenced?
A. Population
B. Outcome
C. Intervention
D. Comparison
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Outcome (O) in a PICO question represents the end result or
the specific effect that the intervention is intended to produce or change.
2. In the hierarchy of evidence, which of the following is considered the highest level of
evidence for a therapy or intervention question?
A. Systematic Review of RCTs
B. Single Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
,C. Cohort Study
D. Expert Opinion
E. Case-Control Study
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Systematic reviews (especially meta-analyses) of multiple RCTs
sit at the top of the evidence hierarchy because they synthesize findings from several high-
quality studies.
3. According to the Belmont Report, which ethical principle requires that researchers
minimize harm and maximize benefits for study participants?
A. Justice
B. Beneficence
C. Respect for Persons
D. Fidelity
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Beneficence is the ethical principle of ‘doing good’ and ensuring
that the risks to participants are weighed against the potential benefits.
4. Which of the following describes ‘vulnerable populations’ in nursing research?
A. Individuals who have high socioeconomic status
B. Researchers who work with sensitive data
, C. Any participant enrolled in a clinical trial
D. Persons with diminished autonomy who cannot give fully informed consent
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Vulnerable populations include children, prisoners, pregnant
women, and people with cognitive impairments who may be susceptible to coercion or lack
the capacity for full consent.
5. A researcher is studying the effect of a new wound care product. The variable that is being
manipulated by the researcher is known as the:
A. Dependent variable
B. Extraneous variable
C. Independent variable
D. Confounding variable
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The independent variable is the one being manipulated or the
intervention being tested to see its effect on the outcome.
6. What is the primary purpose of a research hypothesis?
A. To prove the researcher’s opinion is correct
B. To summarize the results of the data analysis
C. To provide a formal statement of the expected relationship between variables
