NRl 571/l NR571l Finall Exam:l Complexl
Diagnosisl &l Managementl inl Acutel Carel
Practicuml Guidel (Latestl 2026/l 2027l
Update)l |l Qsl &l As|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)-l Chamberlain
QUESTION
acromegaly
Answer:
abnormall enlargementl ofl thel extremities
QUESTION
Creatinine
Answer:
0.6-1.2l mg/dL
Veryl specificl andl sensitivel forl renall disease.l Betterl indexl ofl glomerularl functionl thanl
BUN.l
Reflectsl dietaryl protein,l intake,l andl creatininel metabolisml ofl skeletall muscle.
Releasedl intol circulationl atl al constantl ratel orl stablel plasmal concentration.l
Itl isl notl reabsorbedl orl metabolized,l sol it'sl freelyl filteredl acrossl thel glomerulus.
Inverselyl proportionall tol GFR,l butl doesl notl detectl earlyl changesl inl filtrationl (initiall
smalll risel andl creatinine=l markedl reductionl inl GFR).
Canl onlyl bel usedl inl thel settingl ofl stablel kidneyl functionl (notl AKI).
QUESTION
Whatl increasesl creatinine?
Answer:
,Impairedl renall function,l urinaryl tractl obstruction,l musclel disease,l suchl asl acromegaly,l
myasthenial gravis,l muscularl dystrophy,l etc.,l CHF,l shock,l dehydration,l rhabdomyolysis.
QUESTION
Whatl decreasesl creatinine?
Answer:
Smalll stature,l decreasedl musclel mass,l severel liver,l disease,l inadequate,l dietary,l andl
dietaryl intake
QUESTION
BUN/Creatininel Ratio
Answer:
10:1l tol 20:1
Betweenl 12l andl 20l =l normal
Whenl BUNl orl creatininel isl elevated,l itl canl helpl determinel whetherl azotemial (elevatedl
BUNl orl Cr)l isl pre-renal,l intrinsic,l orl postl renal
QUESTION
Prerenall azotemia
Answer:
Hypol perfusionl ofl kidneys,l butl intactl tubularl function.
Seenl inl hypovolemia,l CHF,l ascitesl
Ratiol isl >20
QUESTION
Intrinsicl renall disease
Answer:
Glomerulonephritis,l acutel tubularl necrosisl (ATN)
Lowl ratiol <10
,QUESTION
Acid-Basel Balance
Answer:
Thel bodyl requiresl tightl pHl controll betweenl 7.35-7.45.
Bicarbonatel producedl byl thel kidneysl isl thel blood'sl primaryl bufferl system,l andl cruciall
tol regulatingl balance.
QUESTION
Causesl ofl increasedl bloodl acidity
Answer:
Retentionl ofl respiratoryl acidl andl accumulationl ofl non-respiratoryl acids/byproductsl ofl
metabolisml (metabolicl acids).l
Acidosis=l lowl pH
Renall systeml responsel byl increasingl hydrogenl ionl (H+)l secretionl andl bicarbonatel
(HCO3-)l productionl andl re-absorbingl alreadyl filteredl bicarbonatel tol maintainl pHl
betweenl 7.35l -7.45.
QUESTION
Causesl ofl decreasedl bloodl acidity
Answer:
Alkalosis=l highl pH
Kidneyl decreasesl H+l secretionl andl bicarbonatel productionl andl secretionl tol bringl pHl
down.
Thel lungsl workl withl thel kidneysl tol maintainl acid-basel balance.
QUESTION
Bicarbonatel inl venousl blood
Answer:
Totall carbonl dioxidel (CO2-)l content.
Representsl thel kidney'sl primaryl responsel inl balancingl pH.
, QUESTION
Bicarbonatel inl arteriall blood
Answer:
22-26l mEq/L
HCO3-
Reflectsl thel lungsl primaryl responsel inl regulatingl acid-basel balance.
QUESTION
Seruml Creatinine
Answer:
Aboutl 0.6-1.2l mg/dL
0.7-1.3mg/dLl inl males
0.5-1.1mg/dLl inl females
QUESTION
Seruml BUN
Answer:
6-20mg/dL
QUESTION
BUN/creatininel ratio
Answer:
10:1-20:1
>30:1l indicativel ofl UGIb
Lowl ratiol indicativel ofl LGIB
QUESTION
Diagnosisl &l Managementl inl Acutel Carel
Practicuml Guidel (Latestl 2026/l 2027l
Update)l |l Qsl &l As|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)-l Chamberlain
QUESTION
acromegaly
Answer:
abnormall enlargementl ofl thel extremities
QUESTION
Creatinine
Answer:
0.6-1.2l mg/dL
Veryl specificl andl sensitivel forl renall disease.l Betterl indexl ofl glomerularl functionl thanl
BUN.l
Reflectsl dietaryl protein,l intake,l andl creatininel metabolisml ofl skeletall muscle.
Releasedl intol circulationl atl al constantl ratel orl stablel plasmal concentration.l
Itl isl notl reabsorbedl orl metabolized,l sol it'sl freelyl filteredl acrossl thel glomerulus.
Inverselyl proportionall tol GFR,l butl doesl notl detectl earlyl changesl inl filtrationl (initiall
smalll risel andl creatinine=l markedl reductionl inl GFR).
Canl onlyl bel usedl inl thel settingl ofl stablel kidneyl functionl (notl AKI).
QUESTION
Whatl increasesl creatinine?
Answer:
,Impairedl renall function,l urinaryl tractl obstruction,l musclel disease,l suchl asl acromegaly,l
myasthenial gravis,l muscularl dystrophy,l etc.,l CHF,l shock,l dehydration,l rhabdomyolysis.
QUESTION
Whatl decreasesl creatinine?
Answer:
Smalll stature,l decreasedl musclel mass,l severel liver,l disease,l inadequate,l dietary,l andl
dietaryl intake
QUESTION
BUN/Creatininel Ratio
Answer:
10:1l tol 20:1
Betweenl 12l andl 20l =l normal
Whenl BUNl orl creatininel isl elevated,l itl canl helpl determinel whetherl azotemial (elevatedl
BUNl orl Cr)l isl pre-renal,l intrinsic,l orl postl renal
QUESTION
Prerenall azotemia
Answer:
Hypol perfusionl ofl kidneys,l butl intactl tubularl function.
Seenl inl hypovolemia,l CHF,l ascitesl
Ratiol isl >20
QUESTION
Intrinsicl renall disease
Answer:
Glomerulonephritis,l acutel tubularl necrosisl (ATN)
Lowl ratiol <10
,QUESTION
Acid-Basel Balance
Answer:
Thel bodyl requiresl tightl pHl controll betweenl 7.35-7.45.
Bicarbonatel producedl byl thel kidneysl isl thel blood'sl primaryl bufferl system,l andl cruciall
tol regulatingl balance.
QUESTION
Causesl ofl increasedl bloodl acidity
Answer:
Retentionl ofl respiratoryl acidl andl accumulationl ofl non-respiratoryl acids/byproductsl ofl
metabolisml (metabolicl acids).l
Acidosis=l lowl pH
Renall systeml responsel byl increasingl hydrogenl ionl (H+)l secretionl andl bicarbonatel
(HCO3-)l productionl andl re-absorbingl alreadyl filteredl bicarbonatel tol maintainl pHl
betweenl 7.35l -7.45.
QUESTION
Causesl ofl decreasedl bloodl acidity
Answer:
Alkalosis=l highl pH
Kidneyl decreasesl H+l secretionl andl bicarbonatel productionl andl secretionl tol bringl pHl
down.
Thel lungsl workl withl thel kidneysl tol maintainl acid-basel balance.
QUESTION
Bicarbonatel inl venousl blood
Answer:
Totall carbonl dioxidel (CO2-)l content.
Representsl thel kidney'sl primaryl responsel inl balancingl pH.
, QUESTION
Bicarbonatel inl arteriall blood
Answer:
22-26l mEq/L
HCO3-
Reflectsl thel lungsl primaryl responsel inl regulatingl acid-basel balance.
QUESTION
Seruml Creatinine
Answer:
Aboutl 0.6-1.2l mg/dL
0.7-1.3mg/dLl inl males
0.5-1.1mg/dLl inl females
QUESTION
Seruml BUN
Answer:
6-20mg/dL
QUESTION
BUN/creatininel ratio
Answer:
10:1-20:1
>30:1l indicativel ofl UGIb
Lowl ratiol indicativel ofl LGIB
QUESTION
