Western Governors University D 236
WGU D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s
Study Guides (Latest 2025/ 2026
Update) Questions and Correct
Answers | 100% Verified | Grade A+
C
Terms in this set (295)
What is the primary determinant of oncotic Albumin
pressure?
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by Oncotic Pressure
proteins
What is the difference between adult and Naive T Cells
child immunity?
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by Osmoreceptors
___________, which regulates actions such as
thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
What are the causes of dehydration? #Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
,What s/sx are associated with dehydration? #Dry mucous
membranes
#Decreased skin
turgor #Decreased urine
output #Low blood
pressure #Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
A patient with a viral illness and severe Metabolic alkalosis
vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and pH
of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in
condition does she have? the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The
CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less
and retaining more CO2.
Normal CO2 level 35-45
Normal pH level 7.35-7.45
Normal HCO3 level 22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
respiratory acidosis. How does pH removing it from the bloodstream.
impact Michael's basal metabolic panel?
Choose 3 answers. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an
have difficulty removing it from the attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells
bloodstream. into the bloodstream.
His calcium level is reduced because the
elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his
lungs have difficulty adding it into
the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to
hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves
inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of
the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into
the bloodstream.
,A hormone panel was done on a patient BNP
with congestive heart failure and fluid
volume overload. Which elevated hormone BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
on the patient's chart is indicative of the
body's attempt to reduce the fluid
overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin
Normal sodium level 135-145
Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab Na < 135
result? S/Sx?
Loss of energy or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle spasms
Low blood
pressure Dark
scanty urine
Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations
Seizures
Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab Na > 145
result? S/Sx
Excessive thirst
Extreme fatigue
Confusion
Muscle twitching or spasms
Restlessness
Seizures
Normal potassium level 3.5-5.0
Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab K < 3.5
result? S/Sx
#Muscle fatigue/cramping
#Nausea, vomiting, constipation
#Cardiac dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab K > 5.0
result? S/Sx?
Muscle weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Cardiac arrest/MI
, Normal calcium level 8.5-10.5
Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab Calcium < 8.5
result? S/Sx?
Overexcitability of the muscles
Muscle twitching
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when
touched)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Hypercalcemia is indicated by what lab Calcium > 10.5
result? S/Sx?
Muscle weakness
Loss of muscle tone
Spontaneous fractures
Kidney stones
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Normal magnesium level 1.6-2.6
Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what lab Magnesium level < 1.6
result? S/Sx?
Tremors
Hyperreflexia
Insomnia
Muscle
cramps
Irregular heart beat
Hypermagnesemia is indicated by what lab Magnesium level > 2.6
result? S/Sx?
Hyporeflexia
Lethargy
Respiratory depression
N/V
Slow/Irregular heart beat
Tay-Sachs Disease An autosomal recessive inherited genetic disorder caused by
a recessive allele (chromosome 15) that leads to the
accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness,
and degeneration of motor and mental performance
usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed
by death within a few years.
WGU D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s
Study Guides (Latest 2025/ 2026
Update) Questions and Correct
Answers | 100% Verified | Grade A+
C
Terms in this set (295)
What is the primary determinant of oncotic Albumin
pressure?
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by Oncotic Pressure
proteins
What is the difference between adult and Naive T Cells
child immunity?
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by Osmoreceptors
___________, which regulates actions such as
thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
What are the causes of dehydration? #Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
,What s/sx are associated with dehydration? #Dry mucous
membranes
#Decreased skin
turgor #Decreased urine
output #Low blood
pressure #Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
A patient with a viral illness and severe Metabolic alkalosis
vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and pH
of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in
condition does she have? the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The
CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less
and retaining more CO2.
Normal CO2 level 35-45
Normal pH level 7.35-7.45
Normal HCO3 level 22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
respiratory acidosis. How does pH removing it from the bloodstream.
impact Michael's basal metabolic panel?
Choose 3 answers. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an
have difficulty removing it from the attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells
bloodstream. into the bloodstream.
His calcium level is reduced because the
elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his
lungs have difficulty adding it into
the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to
hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves
inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of
the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into
the bloodstream.
,A hormone panel was done on a patient BNP
with congestive heart failure and fluid
volume overload. Which elevated hormone BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
on the patient's chart is indicative of the
body's attempt to reduce the fluid
overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin
Normal sodium level 135-145
Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab Na < 135
result? S/Sx?
Loss of energy or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle spasms
Low blood
pressure Dark
scanty urine
Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations
Seizures
Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab Na > 145
result? S/Sx
Excessive thirst
Extreme fatigue
Confusion
Muscle twitching or spasms
Restlessness
Seizures
Normal potassium level 3.5-5.0
Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab K < 3.5
result? S/Sx
#Muscle fatigue/cramping
#Nausea, vomiting, constipation
#Cardiac dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab K > 5.0
result? S/Sx?
Muscle weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Cardiac arrest/MI
, Normal calcium level 8.5-10.5
Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab Calcium < 8.5
result? S/Sx?
Overexcitability of the muscles
Muscle twitching
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when
touched)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Hypercalcemia is indicated by what lab Calcium > 10.5
result? S/Sx?
Muscle weakness
Loss of muscle tone
Spontaneous fractures
Kidney stones
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Normal magnesium level 1.6-2.6
Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what lab Magnesium level < 1.6
result? S/Sx?
Tremors
Hyperreflexia
Insomnia
Muscle
cramps
Irregular heart beat
Hypermagnesemia is indicated by what lab Magnesium level > 2.6
result? S/Sx?
Hyporeflexia
Lethargy
Respiratory depression
N/V
Slow/Irregular heart beat
Tay-Sachs Disease An autosomal recessive inherited genetic disorder caused by
a recessive allele (chromosome 15) that leads to the
accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness,
and degeneration of motor and mental performance
usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed
by death within a few years.
