CHD 3243 EXAM 1 (CH. 1-4) VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 1
Early Greece, philosophers Plato & Aristotle - Answers - commented about the nature of
Adolescents' developing reasoning and being able to choose things for themselves
Middle Ages - Answers - children and adolescents were viewed as miniature adults and
were subject to harsh discipline
18th century, French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Answers - restored the
belief that being a child or an adolescent is not the same as being an adult, and
adolescence develops in distinct phases
Beginning of the 20th century - Answers - scientific exploration of adolescence begins
G. Stanley Hall's Storm-and-Stress View - Answers - ◦Father of the scientific study of
adolescence
◦Development controlled by biology
◦Storm-and-stress-view
Storm-and-Stress View - Answers - concept that adolescence is a turbulent time
charged with conflict and mood swings
Margaret Mead's Sociocultural View - Answers - ◦The basic nature of adolescence is
sociocultural.
◦Found little storm and stress associated with the period in cultures that provide a
smooth, gradual transition from childhood to adulthood.
◦Controversial view.
Sociocultural View of Adolescence - Answers - the transition from childhood to
adulthood is more difficult;t in the US because children are considered very different
from adults and adolescents are restricted from full participation in society, the period is
more likely to be stressful
The Inventionist View - Answers - ◦Sociohistorical view: focus on schools, work, and
economics
◦Adolescence was invented mainly as a by-product of invention of compulsory public
education.
◦Historians now call the period between 1890 and 1920 the "age of adolescence"
Further Changes in the 20th and 21st Centuries - Answers - ◦By 1950, the
developmental period of "adolescence" had come of age
,◦1960s to 1970s, saw ethnic conflicts, political protests for the Vietnam War, and
increased concern for upward mobility for African Americans and women
cohort effects - Answers - refers to influences attributed to a person's year of birth, era,
or generation, but not to actual chronological age
Millennials - Answers - the generation born after 1980
two characteristics:
-more tolerant and open-minded
-digital natives
A Positive View of Adolescence - Answers - -The negative stereotyping of adolescents
is overdrawn.
-For much of the last century in the U.S. and other Western cultures, adolescence was
perceived as "storm-and-stress"
-Research indicates a large majority of adolescents are not nearly as disturbed and
troubled as popular stereotypes suggest.
-Youth of every generation have seemed radical, unnerving, and different from adults.
stereotype - Answers - a generalization that reflects our impressions and beliefs about a
broad category of people
Positive Youth Development (PYD) - Answers - reflects the positive psychology
approach; Emphasizes the strengths of youth and the positive qualities and
developmental trajectories that are desired for youth
Five C's of positive youth development - Answers - -competence
-confidence
-character
-caring/compassion
-connection
Competence - Answers - involves having a positive perception of one's actions in
domain-specific areas—social, academic, physical, career, and so on
Confidence - Answers - consists of an overall positive sense of self-worth and self-
efficacy (a sense that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes)
Caring/compassion - Answers - encompasses showing emotional concern for others,
especially those in distress
Character - Answers - comprises respect for societal rules, an understanding of right
and wrong, and integrity
, Connection - Answers - characterized by positive relationships with others, including
family, peers, teachers, and individuals in the community
Contexts - Answers - the settings in which development occurs; they are influenced by
historical, economic, social, and cultural factors
Social contexts are influenced by what factors? - Answers - cultural
economic
historical
social
Who is the fastest-growing ethnic group of adolescents? - Answers - Asian Americans;
with a growth rate of more than 500% by 2100
Social policy - Answers - the course of action designed by the national government to
influence the welfare of its citizens
Development - Answers - the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues
through the life span
How is human development determined? - Answers - by biological, cognitive and
socioemotional processes
Biological processes - Answers - involve physical changes in an individual's body
Cognitive processes - Answers - involve changes in an individual's thinking and
intelligence
Socioemotional processes - Answers - involve changes in an individual's emotions,
personality, relationships with others, and social contexts
Periods of Development - Answers - human development is commonly described in
terms of periods (childhood)
Childhood - Answers - the prenatal period, infancy, early childhood, and middle and late
childhood
Prenatal period - Answers - conception to birth
Infancy period - Answers - birth to 18 or 24 months of age
Early childhood period - Answers - end of infancy to 5 or 6 years of age
Middle and late childhood period - Answers - 6 to 10 or 11 years
Chapter 1
Early Greece, philosophers Plato & Aristotle - Answers - commented about the nature of
Adolescents' developing reasoning and being able to choose things for themselves
Middle Ages - Answers - children and adolescents were viewed as miniature adults and
were subject to harsh discipline
18th century, French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Answers - restored the
belief that being a child or an adolescent is not the same as being an adult, and
adolescence develops in distinct phases
Beginning of the 20th century - Answers - scientific exploration of adolescence begins
G. Stanley Hall's Storm-and-Stress View - Answers - ◦Father of the scientific study of
adolescence
◦Development controlled by biology
◦Storm-and-stress-view
Storm-and-Stress View - Answers - concept that adolescence is a turbulent time
charged with conflict and mood swings
Margaret Mead's Sociocultural View - Answers - ◦The basic nature of adolescence is
sociocultural.
◦Found little storm and stress associated with the period in cultures that provide a
smooth, gradual transition from childhood to adulthood.
◦Controversial view.
Sociocultural View of Adolescence - Answers - the transition from childhood to
adulthood is more difficult;t in the US because children are considered very different
from adults and adolescents are restricted from full participation in society, the period is
more likely to be stressful
The Inventionist View - Answers - ◦Sociohistorical view: focus on schools, work, and
economics
◦Adolescence was invented mainly as a by-product of invention of compulsory public
education.
◦Historians now call the period between 1890 and 1920 the "age of adolescence"
Further Changes in the 20th and 21st Centuries - Answers - ◦By 1950, the
developmental period of "adolescence" had come of age
,◦1960s to 1970s, saw ethnic conflicts, political protests for the Vietnam War, and
increased concern for upward mobility for African Americans and women
cohort effects - Answers - refers to influences attributed to a person's year of birth, era,
or generation, but not to actual chronological age
Millennials - Answers - the generation born after 1980
two characteristics:
-more tolerant and open-minded
-digital natives
A Positive View of Adolescence - Answers - -The negative stereotyping of adolescents
is overdrawn.
-For much of the last century in the U.S. and other Western cultures, adolescence was
perceived as "storm-and-stress"
-Research indicates a large majority of adolescents are not nearly as disturbed and
troubled as popular stereotypes suggest.
-Youth of every generation have seemed radical, unnerving, and different from adults.
stereotype - Answers - a generalization that reflects our impressions and beliefs about a
broad category of people
Positive Youth Development (PYD) - Answers - reflects the positive psychology
approach; Emphasizes the strengths of youth and the positive qualities and
developmental trajectories that are desired for youth
Five C's of positive youth development - Answers - -competence
-confidence
-character
-caring/compassion
-connection
Competence - Answers - involves having a positive perception of one's actions in
domain-specific areas—social, academic, physical, career, and so on
Confidence - Answers - consists of an overall positive sense of self-worth and self-
efficacy (a sense that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes)
Caring/compassion - Answers - encompasses showing emotional concern for others,
especially those in distress
Character - Answers - comprises respect for societal rules, an understanding of right
and wrong, and integrity
, Connection - Answers - characterized by positive relationships with others, including
family, peers, teachers, and individuals in the community
Contexts - Answers - the settings in which development occurs; they are influenced by
historical, economic, social, and cultural factors
Social contexts are influenced by what factors? - Answers - cultural
economic
historical
social
Who is the fastest-growing ethnic group of adolescents? - Answers - Asian Americans;
with a growth rate of more than 500% by 2100
Social policy - Answers - the course of action designed by the national government to
influence the welfare of its citizens
Development - Answers - the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues
through the life span
How is human development determined? - Answers - by biological, cognitive and
socioemotional processes
Biological processes - Answers - involve physical changes in an individual's body
Cognitive processes - Answers - involve changes in an individual's thinking and
intelligence
Socioemotional processes - Answers - involve changes in an individual's emotions,
personality, relationships with others, and social contexts
Periods of Development - Answers - human development is commonly described in
terms of periods (childhood)
Childhood - Answers - the prenatal period, infancy, early childhood, and middle and late
childhood
Prenatal period - Answers - conception to birth
Infancy period - Answers - birth to 18 or 24 months of age
Early childhood period - Answers - end of infancy to 5 or 6 years of age
Middle and late childhood period - Answers - 6 to 10 or 11 years
