NR507 MIDTERM EXAM 2026 WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS|| GUARANTEED
PASS|| ALREADY GRADED A+
What can untreated anemia potentially aggravate? - ANSWER-Conditions like
coronary artery disease (CAD), carotid insufficiency, and dysrhythmias.
What are the three types of anemia based on red blood cell size? - ANSWER-
Microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic.
What does the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) indicate? - ANSWER-The
average volume or size of a single red blood cell.
What is the MCV range for microcytic anemia? - ANSWER-MCV <80 fl.
What are common causes of microcytic anemia? - ANSWER-Iron deficiency,
thalassemia, and lead poisoning.
What is the MCV range for normocytic anemia? - ANSWER-MCV 80-99 fl.
What distinguishes beta-thalassemia major from intermedia? - ANSWER-Beta-
thalassemia major is characterized by more severe symptoms compared to beta-
thalassemia intermedia.
What are common symptoms of beta-thalassemia major? - ANSWER-Hydrops
fetalis, jaundice, bone deformities, elevated iron levels.
,What are the risk factors for thalassemia? - ANSWER-Family history, ethnic
background, and the need for genetic counseling.
What are the management strategies for thalassemia? - ANSWER-Blood
transfusions, chelation therapy (deferoxamine, deferasirox, deferiprone), and
potentially bone marrow transplantation.
Which populations are most affected by alpha thalassemia? - ANSWER-
Chinese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian descent.
Which populations are most affected by beta thalassemia? - ANSWER-
Individuals of Greek, Italian, certain Arab, and Sephardic Jewish descent, as
well as people of African descent.
What are the potential complications of beta thalassemia major? - ANSWER-
Impaired growth and development, congestive heart failure (CHF), liver
enlargement, and bone marrow hyperplasia leading to bone deformities.
What is the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD)? - ANSWER-
CAD is caused by atherosclerosis, which obstructs the supply of oxygenated
blood to the heart, altering myocardial cell metabolism and nutrient uptake.
What is the role of coronary arteries? - ANSWER-They provide the major blood
supply to the heart to pump through the circulatory system.
What are modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease? - ANSWER-High
cholesterol levels, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle.
What are nonmodifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease? - ANSWER-
Age, gender, family history, and genetic predisposition.
, Differentiate between HDL and LDL cholesterol. - ANSWER-HDL (high-
density lipoprotein) is considered 'good' cholesterol that helps remove other
forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream, while LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
is 'bad' cholesterol that can lead to plaque buildup in arteries.
What are the total cholesterol ranges for normal vs. high? - ANSWER-Normal
total cholesterol is less than 200 mg/dL; high total cholesterol is 240 mg/dL and
above.
What are the primary and secondary causes of dyslipidemia? - ANSWER-
Primary causes include genetic factors; secondary causes include lifestyle
factors such as diet, obesity, and certain medications.
What is the pathophysiology of right-sided heart failure? - ANSWER-Right-
sided heart failure occurs when the right ventricle cannot pump blood
effectively to the lungs, leading to fluid buildup in the body.
What can cause normocytic anemia? - ANSWER-Acute blood loss, systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE), chronic diseases (like cancer), kidney failure,
hereditary spherocytosis, G6PD deficiency, and paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria.
What characterizes macrocytic anemias? - ANSWER-The presence of
abnormally large RBCs in circulation.
What are the two types of macrocytic anemias? - ANSWER-Non-megaloblastic
and megaloblastic.
What causes non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemias? - ANSWER-Liver
disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, and hemorrhage.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS|| GUARANTEED
PASS|| ALREADY GRADED A+
What can untreated anemia potentially aggravate? - ANSWER-Conditions like
coronary artery disease (CAD), carotid insufficiency, and dysrhythmias.
What are the three types of anemia based on red blood cell size? - ANSWER-
Microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic.
What does the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) indicate? - ANSWER-The
average volume or size of a single red blood cell.
What is the MCV range for microcytic anemia? - ANSWER-MCV <80 fl.
What are common causes of microcytic anemia? - ANSWER-Iron deficiency,
thalassemia, and lead poisoning.
What is the MCV range for normocytic anemia? - ANSWER-MCV 80-99 fl.
What distinguishes beta-thalassemia major from intermedia? - ANSWER-Beta-
thalassemia major is characterized by more severe symptoms compared to beta-
thalassemia intermedia.
What are common symptoms of beta-thalassemia major? - ANSWER-Hydrops
fetalis, jaundice, bone deformities, elevated iron levels.
,What are the risk factors for thalassemia? - ANSWER-Family history, ethnic
background, and the need for genetic counseling.
What are the management strategies for thalassemia? - ANSWER-Blood
transfusions, chelation therapy (deferoxamine, deferasirox, deferiprone), and
potentially bone marrow transplantation.
Which populations are most affected by alpha thalassemia? - ANSWER-
Chinese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian descent.
Which populations are most affected by beta thalassemia? - ANSWER-
Individuals of Greek, Italian, certain Arab, and Sephardic Jewish descent, as
well as people of African descent.
What are the potential complications of beta thalassemia major? - ANSWER-
Impaired growth and development, congestive heart failure (CHF), liver
enlargement, and bone marrow hyperplasia leading to bone deformities.
What is the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD)? - ANSWER-
CAD is caused by atherosclerosis, which obstructs the supply of oxygenated
blood to the heart, altering myocardial cell metabolism and nutrient uptake.
What is the role of coronary arteries? - ANSWER-They provide the major blood
supply to the heart to pump through the circulatory system.
What are modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease? - ANSWER-High
cholesterol levels, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle.
What are nonmodifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease? - ANSWER-
Age, gender, family history, and genetic predisposition.
, Differentiate between HDL and LDL cholesterol. - ANSWER-HDL (high-
density lipoprotein) is considered 'good' cholesterol that helps remove other
forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream, while LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
is 'bad' cholesterol that can lead to plaque buildup in arteries.
What are the total cholesterol ranges for normal vs. high? - ANSWER-Normal
total cholesterol is less than 200 mg/dL; high total cholesterol is 240 mg/dL and
above.
What are the primary and secondary causes of dyslipidemia? - ANSWER-
Primary causes include genetic factors; secondary causes include lifestyle
factors such as diet, obesity, and certain medications.
What is the pathophysiology of right-sided heart failure? - ANSWER-Right-
sided heart failure occurs when the right ventricle cannot pump blood
effectively to the lungs, leading to fluid buildup in the body.
What can cause normocytic anemia? - ANSWER-Acute blood loss, systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE), chronic diseases (like cancer), kidney failure,
hereditary spherocytosis, G6PD deficiency, and paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria.
What characterizes macrocytic anemias? - ANSWER-The presence of
abnormally large RBCs in circulation.
What are the two types of macrocytic anemias? - ANSWER-Non-megaloblastic
and megaloblastic.
What causes non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemias? - ANSWER-Liver
disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, and hemorrhage.
