TAMU BIO 111 LAB EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE LATEST 2026 UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) GRADE:
A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
What sugar is similar to ONPG? - Answers -Lactose
What sugars are the products of the hydrolysis of lactose? - Answers -Glucose and Galactose
In what sugar conditions is the repressor bound or unbound to the operon? - Answers -The
repressor is bound to the operator when lactose is absent. When lactose is present, allolactose
binds to the repressor, which prevents the repressor from binding to the Lac operon's operator
In order to make more B-gal, what will the repressor bind? - Answers -If B-gal needed to be
produced, allolactose would have to bind to the repressor
Know the magnification of each lens and how to calculate total magnification. - Answers -
Objective lens: 4X, 10X, 40X, 100X (100X is only for oil immersion) o Ocular lens: 10X
magnification o Objective magnification + ocular magnification = total magnification. 4X * 10X =
40X total magnification § 10X * 10X = 100X total magnification. 40X * 10X = 400X total
magnification
Describe how you would use a compound microscope starting with the 4X objective lens and
ending with the 40X objective lens. - Answers -With the 4X objective lens you would first focus
your slide using the coarse adjustment knob, then the find adjustment knob until the image is
as clear as you can get it. Then you would move to the 10X objective lens and refocus using only
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, the FINE adjustment knob. Then you would move up to the 40X objective lens and refocus using
only the FINE adjustment knob.
Know the stages of the cell cycle and phases of mitosis. Be able to briefly summarize what
happens at each stage. Also, be able to visually identify each stage. - Answers -Interphase: cell
growth and DNA replication (G1, S, and G2 phases). G1 phase: period of intense growth and
biochemical activity. S phase: synthesis/replication of DNA. G2 phase: cell continues to grow and
complete preparations for cell division. Mitosis: is a continuous process and consists of the
actual dividing of the nucleus (replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated)
Prophase: nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate and the chromosomes begin to condense.
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in center of cell. Anaphase: centromeres of each
chromosome separate, as spindle fibers pull apart the sister chromosomes. Telophase:
chromosomes cluster at opposite ends of the cells, and the nuclear membrane reforms.
Chromosomes start to unravel. Cytokinesis: consists of the dividing of the cytoplasm. Cleavage
furrow forms in animal cells and cell plate forms in plant cells.
Be able to figure out how many chromosomes are at each stage of interphase and mitosis. -
Answers -Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells and conserves the number of
chromosome number (2n). If a cell starts with 46 chromosomes in interphase, then there would
be 46 chromosomes at prophase and metaphase, 92 chromosomes in anaphase and telophase,
a
Know what the difference is between mitosis and meiosis. - Answers -Mitosis produces two
genetically identical diploid daughter cells and conserves the number of chromosome number
(2n). Genetic variation does not change. Meiosis occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and
results in cells with half the chromosomes number of the parent cell (n). Meiosis produces 4
haploid daughter cells and increases genetic variation.
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QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) GRADE:
A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
What sugar is similar to ONPG? - Answers -Lactose
What sugars are the products of the hydrolysis of lactose? - Answers -Glucose and Galactose
In what sugar conditions is the repressor bound or unbound to the operon? - Answers -The
repressor is bound to the operator when lactose is absent. When lactose is present, allolactose
binds to the repressor, which prevents the repressor from binding to the Lac operon's operator
In order to make more B-gal, what will the repressor bind? - Answers -If B-gal needed to be
produced, allolactose would have to bind to the repressor
Know the magnification of each lens and how to calculate total magnification. - Answers -
Objective lens: 4X, 10X, 40X, 100X (100X is only for oil immersion) o Ocular lens: 10X
magnification o Objective magnification + ocular magnification = total magnification. 4X * 10X =
40X total magnification § 10X * 10X = 100X total magnification. 40X * 10X = 400X total
magnification
Describe how you would use a compound microscope starting with the 4X objective lens and
ending with the 40X objective lens. - Answers -With the 4X objective lens you would first focus
your slide using the coarse adjustment knob, then the find adjustment knob until the image is
as clear as you can get it. Then you would move to the 10X objective lens and refocus using only
1|Page
, the FINE adjustment knob. Then you would move up to the 40X objective lens and refocus using
only the FINE adjustment knob.
Know the stages of the cell cycle and phases of mitosis. Be able to briefly summarize what
happens at each stage. Also, be able to visually identify each stage. - Answers -Interphase: cell
growth and DNA replication (G1, S, and G2 phases). G1 phase: period of intense growth and
biochemical activity. S phase: synthesis/replication of DNA. G2 phase: cell continues to grow and
complete preparations for cell division. Mitosis: is a continuous process and consists of the
actual dividing of the nucleus (replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated)
Prophase: nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate and the chromosomes begin to condense.
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in center of cell. Anaphase: centromeres of each
chromosome separate, as spindle fibers pull apart the sister chromosomes. Telophase:
chromosomes cluster at opposite ends of the cells, and the nuclear membrane reforms.
Chromosomes start to unravel. Cytokinesis: consists of the dividing of the cytoplasm. Cleavage
furrow forms in animal cells and cell plate forms in plant cells.
Be able to figure out how many chromosomes are at each stage of interphase and mitosis. -
Answers -Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells and conserves the number of
chromosome number (2n). If a cell starts with 46 chromosomes in interphase, then there would
be 46 chromosomes at prophase and metaphase, 92 chromosomes in anaphase and telophase,
a
Know what the difference is between mitosis and meiosis. - Answers -Mitosis produces two
genetically identical diploid daughter cells and conserves the number of chromosome number
(2n). Genetic variation does not change. Meiosis occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and
results in cells with half the chromosomes number of the parent cell (n). Meiosis produces 4
haploid daughter cells and increases genetic variation.
2|Page
