BME 350 FINAL EXAM (TISSUE ENGINEERING - TE)
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
organs-on-a-chip - Answers - ______ are microfluidic cell and tissue culture systems
that recapitulate key physiologies and functions of specific organs for further biological
and medical purposes
- form
- function - Answers - the relationship between ___ and ___ is important. (i.e.,
microengineering/nanoengineering [structure]; cell biology [function])
microfluidic - Answers - what devices were commonly made of polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS) using soft lithography techniques?
isolate - Answers - cell culture studies enable us to ___ almost all types of cells and to
characterize and culture them in vitro
in vivo studies - Answers - although ___ ___ ___, such as animal models, HELP US
UNDERSTAND MANY BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA, they are usually too complicated
for mechanistic studies
example of how in vivo systems are usually too complicated for mechanistic studies
(motivation for organ on a chip) - Answers - we might find a metastatic region in the lung
a few weeks after a cancer cell injection, but a rat model cannot fully explain how
cancer cells migrate to the lung, how they escape from the circulatory system, and how
they invade into lung tissue
- types
- numbers - Answers - in vitro culture environments allow us to control the ___ and ___
of cells as well as apply well-defined stimuli
discrepancies - Answers - ___ between in vitro and in vivo drug test results provide an
excellent illustration of this problem
simple - Answers - culture systems are still to ___ to mimic the complexity of in vivo
systems
- vivo
- vitro - Answers - in ___ systems are too complicated (e.g., animal models), and in ___
systems (e.g., petri dishes) are too simple to study the details of biological phenomena
model systems - Answers - therefore, well-defined, mechanistic studies of these
processes demand ___ ___ that bridge this divide
,examples of organ on a chip devices - Answers - many kinds of organ on a chip devices
have been developed including blood vessels, lung, liver, and others
- these devices capably REPRODUCE SELECT FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC ORGANS
and have been applied to answer important biological and medical questions
two most well-recognized advantages of organ on a chip devices are their ability to
provide - Answers - 1. physiologically reasonable and
2. spatiotemporally controllable microenvironments
powerful tool - Answers - together (the two advantages of organ on a chip), these
benefits make the organ on a chip concept a ___ ___ for biological studies
drug-testing - Answers - in particular, the first advantage of organ on a chip is greatly
favorable when applied as a ______ platform
physiologically - Answers - conventional drug-testing techniques, such as in vitro culture
and animal tests, often do not provide environments that are ___ relevant to humans,
whereas an organ on a chip can provide this
cell migration - Answers - the second advantage of organ on a chip is greatly useful
when it is applied to in situ mechanistic studies such as real-time ___ ___ research
mimicking - Answers - another way in which organ on a chip approaches support
advanced drug testing is by ___ THE ORGANS' UNIQUE STRUCTUAL, CHEMICAL,
AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
tissue-like - Answers - well design microchip features CAN DIRECT CELL
ORGANIZATION TOWARD ______ FORMS, AND IT IS EVIDENT THAT SUCH
STRUCTURES CAN ENHANCE CELL SURVIVAL AND FUNCTION
- glass
- PDMS - Answers - ORGANS ON A CHIP ARE USUALLY MADE OF A THIN ___
PLATE AND TRANSPARENT ___ MATERIALS and can integrate with existing
microfluidic components
imaging - Answers - therefore, these chips can be easily observed with conventional
___ techniques, such as light, epifluorescence, and confocal microscopies
information - Answers - although these chips are not exactly identical to tissues and
organs of in vivo environments, THIS APPROACH CAN STILL GENERATE CRITICAL
___ ON PROCESSES THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO STUDY WITH CONVENTIONAL IN
VITRO OR IN VIVO TECHNIQUES
- microfluidic
, - cultured - Answers - the use of ___ chips and ___ cells for testing has fewer
associated ethical issues than does the direct use of animals
primary - Answers - although a certain amount of animals will still be sacrificed for ___
cell sources, organ on a chip devices are a more efficient way of using animals for
research
circumvented - Answers - in the case of organ on a chip devices, this ethical issue can
be ___
insufficient/inappropriate preclinical testing tools - Answers - high attrition rates during
drug development are likely due to what?
mechanical - Answers - recent advances in lung on a chip technology have
demonstrated the importance of integrating ___ cues (e.g., cyclic stretching) in organ
model systems
recapitulated - Answers - key features of other organs, such as liver, brain, heart, and
kidney, have been recapitulated in engineered microsystems
microfluidic endothelium device for cancer cell adhesion study - Answers - significantly
more cancer cells were attached downstream of the device when a metastasis-inducing
chemokine was selectively applied from the bottom channel
- apical
- basal - Answers - blood vessel on a chip: to reproduce metastatic tropism of breast
cancer cells with this device, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were made to flow
through the ___ side with the physiologically relevant flow rate and metastasis-related
cytokines were introduced into the ___ side
endothelial - Answers - blood vessel on a chip: as a result, a significant number of
breast cancer cells were attached only on the specific region of the ___ cell layer where
the cytokines were applied from the basal side
cytokin-receptor - Answers - blood vessel on a chip: investigators suggested a
prospective ______ mechanism of cancer cell adhesion, which could further be applied
to cancer drug discoveries
example of a blood vessel on a chip device - Answers - the functional, perfusable 3D
microvascular network developed by Jeon et al
vasculogenesis - Answers - researchers observed spontaneous ___ using fibrin ECM
gels and supporting lung fibroblasts
- immunofluorescence
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
organs-on-a-chip - Answers - ______ are microfluidic cell and tissue culture systems
that recapitulate key physiologies and functions of specific organs for further biological
and medical purposes
- form
- function - Answers - the relationship between ___ and ___ is important. (i.e.,
microengineering/nanoengineering [structure]; cell biology [function])
microfluidic - Answers - what devices were commonly made of polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS) using soft lithography techniques?
isolate - Answers - cell culture studies enable us to ___ almost all types of cells and to
characterize and culture them in vitro
in vivo studies - Answers - although ___ ___ ___, such as animal models, HELP US
UNDERSTAND MANY BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA, they are usually too complicated
for mechanistic studies
example of how in vivo systems are usually too complicated for mechanistic studies
(motivation for organ on a chip) - Answers - we might find a metastatic region in the lung
a few weeks after a cancer cell injection, but a rat model cannot fully explain how
cancer cells migrate to the lung, how they escape from the circulatory system, and how
they invade into lung tissue
- types
- numbers - Answers - in vitro culture environments allow us to control the ___ and ___
of cells as well as apply well-defined stimuli
discrepancies - Answers - ___ between in vitro and in vivo drug test results provide an
excellent illustration of this problem
simple - Answers - culture systems are still to ___ to mimic the complexity of in vivo
systems
- vivo
- vitro - Answers - in ___ systems are too complicated (e.g., animal models), and in ___
systems (e.g., petri dishes) are too simple to study the details of biological phenomena
model systems - Answers - therefore, well-defined, mechanistic studies of these
processes demand ___ ___ that bridge this divide
,examples of organ on a chip devices - Answers - many kinds of organ on a chip devices
have been developed including blood vessels, lung, liver, and others
- these devices capably REPRODUCE SELECT FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC ORGANS
and have been applied to answer important biological and medical questions
two most well-recognized advantages of organ on a chip devices are their ability to
provide - Answers - 1. physiologically reasonable and
2. spatiotemporally controllable microenvironments
powerful tool - Answers - together (the two advantages of organ on a chip), these
benefits make the organ on a chip concept a ___ ___ for biological studies
drug-testing - Answers - in particular, the first advantage of organ on a chip is greatly
favorable when applied as a ______ platform
physiologically - Answers - conventional drug-testing techniques, such as in vitro culture
and animal tests, often do not provide environments that are ___ relevant to humans,
whereas an organ on a chip can provide this
cell migration - Answers - the second advantage of organ on a chip is greatly useful
when it is applied to in situ mechanistic studies such as real-time ___ ___ research
mimicking - Answers - another way in which organ on a chip approaches support
advanced drug testing is by ___ THE ORGANS' UNIQUE STRUCTUAL, CHEMICAL,
AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
tissue-like - Answers - well design microchip features CAN DIRECT CELL
ORGANIZATION TOWARD ______ FORMS, AND IT IS EVIDENT THAT SUCH
STRUCTURES CAN ENHANCE CELL SURVIVAL AND FUNCTION
- glass
- PDMS - Answers - ORGANS ON A CHIP ARE USUALLY MADE OF A THIN ___
PLATE AND TRANSPARENT ___ MATERIALS and can integrate with existing
microfluidic components
imaging - Answers - therefore, these chips can be easily observed with conventional
___ techniques, such as light, epifluorescence, and confocal microscopies
information - Answers - although these chips are not exactly identical to tissues and
organs of in vivo environments, THIS APPROACH CAN STILL GENERATE CRITICAL
___ ON PROCESSES THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO STUDY WITH CONVENTIONAL IN
VITRO OR IN VIVO TECHNIQUES
- microfluidic
, - cultured - Answers - the use of ___ chips and ___ cells for testing has fewer
associated ethical issues than does the direct use of animals
primary - Answers - although a certain amount of animals will still be sacrificed for ___
cell sources, organ on a chip devices are a more efficient way of using animals for
research
circumvented - Answers - in the case of organ on a chip devices, this ethical issue can
be ___
insufficient/inappropriate preclinical testing tools - Answers - high attrition rates during
drug development are likely due to what?
mechanical - Answers - recent advances in lung on a chip technology have
demonstrated the importance of integrating ___ cues (e.g., cyclic stretching) in organ
model systems
recapitulated - Answers - key features of other organs, such as liver, brain, heart, and
kidney, have been recapitulated in engineered microsystems
microfluidic endothelium device for cancer cell adhesion study - Answers - significantly
more cancer cells were attached downstream of the device when a metastasis-inducing
chemokine was selectively applied from the bottom channel
- apical
- basal - Answers - blood vessel on a chip: to reproduce metastatic tropism of breast
cancer cells with this device, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were made to flow
through the ___ side with the physiologically relevant flow rate and metastasis-related
cytokines were introduced into the ___ side
endothelial - Answers - blood vessel on a chip: as a result, a significant number of
breast cancer cells were attached only on the specific region of the ___ cell layer where
the cytokines were applied from the basal side
cytokin-receptor - Answers - blood vessel on a chip: investigators suggested a
prospective ______ mechanism of cancer cell adhesion, which could further be applied
to cancer drug discoveries
example of a blood vessel on a chip device - Answers - the functional, perfusable 3D
microvascular network developed by Jeon et al
vasculogenesis - Answers - researchers observed spontaneous ___ using fibrin ECM
gels and supporting lung fibroblasts
- immunofluorescence
