NR 565 advanced
pharmacology midterm Exam
Comprehensive Questions
(Frequently Tested) and
Complete Solutions Graded A+
1. During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug
reactions with potential long-term consequences?
o Answer: 1st trimester (fetus is most at risk due to rapid growth).
2. What is BEERS criteria?
o Answer: Recommendations of medications inappropriate for elderly (65 and
older). The prescriber ultimately decides.
3. What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450)?
, o Answer: A liver enzyme system where medications are metabolized. It can
either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug interactions.
4. What are CYP450 inducers?
o Answer: They speed up the metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster),
resulting in lesser drug effects (decreased blood levels of the drug) and
elevated CYP450 enzymes.
5. What is the pneumonic for CYP450 inducers? o Answer: "Bullshit Crap
GPS INDUCES rage."
6. What are examples of CYP450 inducer drug names?
o Answer: Barbiturates, St. John's wort, Carbamazepine, Rifampin, Alcohol,
Phenytoin, Griseofulvin, Phenobarbital, Sulfonylureas.
7. What are CYP450 inhibitors?
o Answer: They inhibit metabolism, increasing blood levels of medications.
8. What is the pneumonic for CYP450 inhibitors?
o Answer: "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like CK to
look GQ."
9. What are examples of CYP450 inhibitor drug names?
o Answer: Valproate, Isoniazid, Sulfonamides, Amiodarone,
Chloramphenicol, Ketoconazole, Grapefruit juice, Quinidine.
10. What physiological changes during pregnancy impact pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetic properties of drugs?
o Answer:
▪ Increased glomerular filtration rate leads to increased drug excretion.
Increased hepatic metabolism.
▪ Decreased tone and motility of the bowel.
▪ Increased drug absorption.
11. What are examples of medications that can be teratogenic?
o Answer: Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials (e.g., tetracyclines,
fluoroquinolones), vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants, and
hormonal medications (e.g., diethylstilbestrol (DES)).
12. How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates?
, ▪
o Answer: Slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles during the first
few days of life.
13. Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? o
Answer: Delayed gastric emptying.
14. What are some medications that should be avoided in pediatric patients?
o Answer: Glucocorticoids, tetracyclines (discoloration of developing teeth),
sulfonamides (kernicterus), levofloxacin (antibiotics), and aspirin (severe
intoxication from acute overdose).
15. What should be included in medication administration patient education?
o Answer:
▪ Dosage size and timing.
▪ Route and technique of administration.
▪ Duration of treatment.
▪ Drug storage.
▪ Nature and time course of desired responses.
▪ Nature and time course of adverse responses.
▪ Finish taking antibiotics.
16. What are some things that put elderly patients at higher risk for adverse drug
reactions?
o Answer:
▪ Reduced renal function.
▪ Polypharmacy (use of five or more medications daily).
pharmacology midterm Exam
Comprehensive Questions
(Frequently Tested) and
Complete Solutions Graded A+
1. During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug
reactions with potential long-term consequences?
o Answer: 1st trimester (fetus is most at risk due to rapid growth).
2. What is BEERS criteria?
o Answer: Recommendations of medications inappropriate for elderly (65 and
older). The prescriber ultimately decides.
3. What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450)?
, o Answer: A liver enzyme system where medications are metabolized. It can
either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug interactions.
4. What are CYP450 inducers?
o Answer: They speed up the metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster),
resulting in lesser drug effects (decreased blood levels of the drug) and
elevated CYP450 enzymes.
5. What is the pneumonic for CYP450 inducers? o Answer: "Bullshit Crap
GPS INDUCES rage."
6. What are examples of CYP450 inducer drug names?
o Answer: Barbiturates, St. John's wort, Carbamazepine, Rifampin, Alcohol,
Phenytoin, Griseofulvin, Phenobarbital, Sulfonylureas.
7. What are CYP450 inhibitors?
o Answer: They inhibit metabolism, increasing blood levels of medications.
8. What is the pneumonic for CYP450 inhibitors?
o Answer: "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like CK to
look GQ."
9. What are examples of CYP450 inhibitor drug names?
o Answer: Valproate, Isoniazid, Sulfonamides, Amiodarone,
Chloramphenicol, Ketoconazole, Grapefruit juice, Quinidine.
10. What physiological changes during pregnancy impact pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetic properties of drugs?
o Answer:
▪ Increased glomerular filtration rate leads to increased drug excretion.
Increased hepatic metabolism.
▪ Decreased tone and motility of the bowel.
▪ Increased drug absorption.
11. What are examples of medications that can be teratogenic?
o Answer: Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials (e.g., tetracyclines,
fluoroquinolones), vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants, and
hormonal medications (e.g., diethylstilbestrol (DES)).
12. How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates?
, ▪
o Answer: Slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles during the first
few days of life.
13. Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? o
Answer: Delayed gastric emptying.
14. What are some medications that should be avoided in pediatric patients?
o Answer: Glucocorticoids, tetracyclines (discoloration of developing teeth),
sulfonamides (kernicterus), levofloxacin (antibiotics), and aspirin (severe
intoxication from acute overdose).
15. What should be included in medication administration patient education?
o Answer:
▪ Dosage size and timing.
▪ Route and technique of administration.
▪ Duration of treatment.
▪ Drug storage.
▪ Nature and time course of desired responses.
▪ Nature and time course of adverse responses.
▪ Finish taking antibiotics.
16. What are some things that put elderly patients at higher risk for adverse drug
reactions?
o Answer:
▪ Reduced renal function.
▪ Polypharmacy (use of five or more medications daily).
