NR565 UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION
GRADED A+
◉ pharmacokinetics. Answer: is the study of how the body affects the
drug.the study of the way the body deals with the absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs under investigation
expressed in mathematical terms.
◉ Absorption:. Answer: Absorption is the process whereby a
substance entering the body is assimilated by it. For proper
pharmacokinetics study, it is necessary to know both the rate and the
extent to which the active substance or therapeutic moiety are
absorbed. They include substances intended to produce / not produce
systematic effects.
◉ Distribution:. Answer: Distribution is the dispersion or
dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the
body.
◉ Metabolism:. Answer: Metabolism is the process whereby a
substance is irreversibly transformed into metabolites.
, ◉ Excretion:. Answer: Sweat Excretion is the elimination of the
substance from the body. In rare cases, not all substances are
eliminated; some drugs irreversibly accumulate in a tissue in the body.
◉ Agonist. Answer: A drug that binds to and activates a receptor. Can
be full, partial or inverse. A full agonist has high efficacy, producing a
full response while occupying a relatively low proportion of
receptors. A partial agonist has lower efficacy than a full agonist. It
produces sub-maximal activation even when occupying the total
receptor population, therefore cannot produce the maximal response,
irrespective of the concentration applied. An inverse agonist produces
an effect opposite to that of an agonist, yet it binds to the same
receptor binding-site as an agonist.
◉ Antagonist. Answer: A drug that attenuates the effect of an agonist.
Can be competitive or non-competitive, each of which can be
reversible or irreversible. A competitive antagonist binds to the same
site as the agonist but does not activate it, thus blocks the agonist's
action. A non-competitive antagonist binds to an allosteric (non-
agonist) site on the receptor to prevent activation of the receptor. A
reversible antagonist binds non-covalently to the receptor, therefore
can be "washed out". An irreversible antagonist binds covalently to
the receptor and cannot be displaced by either competing ligands or
washing.
◉ BMax. Answer: The maximum amount of drug or radioligand,
usually expressed as picomoles (pM) per mg protein, which can bind
specifically to the receptors in a membrane preparation. Can be used
to measure the density of the receptor site in a particular preparation.
AND CORRECT ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION
GRADED A+
◉ pharmacokinetics. Answer: is the study of how the body affects the
drug.the study of the way the body deals with the absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs under investigation
expressed in mathematical terms.
◉ Absorption:. Answer: Absorption is the process whereby a
substance entering the body is assimilated by it. For proper
pharmacokinetics study, it is necessary to know both the rate and the
extent to which the active substance or therapeutic moiety are
absorbed. They include substances intended to produce / not produce
systematic effects.
◉ Distribution:. Answer: Distribution is the dispersion or
dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the
body.
◉ Metabolism:. Answer: Metabolism is the process whereby a
substance is irreversibly transformed into metabolites.
, ◉ Excretion:. Answer: Sweat Excretion is the elimination of the
substance from the body. In rare cases, not all substances are
eliminated; some drugs irreversibly accumulate in a tissue in the body.
◉ Agonist. Answer: A drug that binds to and activates a receptor. Can
be full, partial or inverse. A full agonist has high efficacy, producing a
full response while occupying a relatively low proportion of
receptors. A partial agonist has lower efficacy than a full agonist. It
produces sub-maximal activation even when occupying the total
receptor population, therefore cannot produce the maximal response,
irrespective of the concentration applied. An inverse agonist produces
an effect opposite to that of an agonist, yet it binds to the same
receptor binding-site as an agonist.
◉ Antagonist. Answer: A drug that attenuates the effect of an agonist.
Can be competitive or non-competitive, each of which can be
reversible or irreversible. A competitive antagonist binds to the same
site as the agonist but does not activate it, thus blocks the agonist's
action. A non-competitive antagonist binds to an allosteric (non-
agonist) site on the receptor to prevent activation of the receptor. A
reversible antagonist binds non-covalently to the receptor, therefore
can be "washed out". An irreversible antagonist binds covalently to
the receptor and cannot be displaced by either competing ligands or
washing.
◉ BMax. Answer: The maximum amount of drug or radioligand,
usually expressed as picomoles (pM) per mg protein, which can bind
specifically to the receptors in a membrane preparation. Can be used
to measure the density of the receptor site in a particular preparation.
