NRl 228/l NR228l Finall Exam:l Nutrition,l
Healthl andl Wellnessl Guidel (Latestl 2026/l
2027l Update)l |l Qsl &l As|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)-l
Chamberlain
QUESTION
Malnutrition
Answer:
Dietl andl nutritionall statel influencel microbiall communicationl inl thel gut,l asl welll asl
innatel andl adaptivel immunel systems
-Malnutritionl affectsl eachl partl ofl thel immunel system
QUESTION
Malnutritionl affectsl thel immunel systeml inl whatl ways?
Answer:
•Integrityl ofl thel skinl andl mucousl membranes
•Woundl healing
•Flatteningl ofl microvilli,l whichl reducesl nutrientl absorption
•Damagel tol thel GIl tract,l whichl increasesl thel riskl thatl infection-causingl bacterial willl
spreadl outsidel thel intestinall system
•Antibodies:l fewerl inl numberl andl lessl effective
QUESTION
Protein-energyl malnutritionl PEM
Answer:
inadequatel intakel ofl nutrients
,-inl youngl childrenl itl canl causel permanentl disabilitiesl bcl mostl brainl growthl occursl
duringl thel earlyl yearsl ofl life
QUESTION
Starvation
Answer:
usesl storedl carbs,l fatl andl proteinl tol meetl energyl demands
-liveryl glycogenl helpsl maintainl BG
-fattyl acidsl mobilizel tol givel energyl tol CNS
QUESTION
Severel stressl stages
Answer:
Ebbl phasel (earlyl phase)l Immediatelyl afterl injuryl
-decreasedl O2l consumption,l hypothermia,l letharygy
Flowl phasel (36-48l hoursl afterl injury)
-lastsl forl days,l weeks,l orl months
-poorl nutritionall statusl compoundsl problems
QUESTION
Effectl ofl stressl onl carbsl andl fluidl metabolism
Answer:
Carbohydratel metabolism
-Hepaticl glucosel productionl increased
-Insulingl levelsl andl glucosel increase
Hydrationl andl fluidl status
QUESTION
Hormonesl alteredl byl stressl include
Answer:
,Aldosterone—corticosteroidl thatl causesl renall sodiuml retentionl
•l Antidiureticl hormonel (ADH)—stimulatesl renall tubularl waterl absorptionl tol conservel
waterl andl saltl tol supportl circulatingl bloodl volume.l
l •l Adrenocorticotropicl hormonel (ACTH)—actsl onl adrenall cortexl tol releasel cortisoll
(mobilizesl aminol acidsl froml skeletall muscles)l
•l Catecholamines—epinephrinel andl norepinephrinel froml renall medullal stimulatel hepaticl
glycogenolysis,l fatl mobilization,l gluconeogene
QUESTION
Proteinl metabolisml andl fatl metabolisml duringl stress
Answer:
Protein
Fat-l fatl froml adiposel stores-mo
QUESTION
Effectsl onl stressl onl micronutrientl metabolism
Answer:
Vitaminsl andl mineralsl needsl increase
-Kcall met:l vitaminsl andl mineralsl probl willl alsol be
-Speciall attentionl tol Vitaminl Cl (collagenl formation)
QUESTION
Thel rolel ofl nutrientsl onl thel immunel system
Answer:
Onel ofl thel firstl bodyl functionsl affectedl byl impairedl nutritionall statusl
-Al numberl ofl nutrientsl affectl immunel function.
-Componentsl affectedl includel mucousl membranes,l skin,l gastrointestinall (GI)l tract,l T-
lymphocytes,l macrophages,l granulocytes,l andl antibodies.
QUESTION
AAl Whatl vitaminsl arel absolutelyl cruciall forl metabolicl stress/l hypermetabolicl stress
, Answer:
-Tissuel repairl dependsl onl adequatel intakesl ofl vitaminl C,l zinc,l calcium,l magnesium,l
manganese,l andl copper
Metabolicl stress-l proteinl needsl increase
--vitaminl C,l vitaminl Al orl betal carotene,l andl zincl mayl needl speciall attentionl
Hypermetabolicl stressl -includel protein,l vitamins,l andl mineralsl andl alsol totall energyl andl
fluidl intake
QUESTION
Generall adaptationl syndrome
Answer:
Firstl calledl thel flightl orl fightl response
-body'sl constantl responsel tol minorl changesl broughtl aboutl byl needsl orl environment
-bodyl constantlyl adaptsl tol changesl tol maintainl homeostasis
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel riskl associatedl withl malnutritionl andl surgery?
Answer:
Increasel riskl ofl infections,l increasedl chancel ofl pneumonia
Slowerl healingl
-decreasedl proteinl synthesis
-weakness
-organl failurel MODS
-death
QUESTION
Aldosterone
Answer:
Corticosteroidl thatl causesl renall sodiuml retention
Healthl andl Wellnessl Guidel (Latestl 2026/l
2027l Update)l |l Qsl &l As|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)-l
Chamberlain
QUESTION
Malnutrition
Answer:
Dietl andl nutritionall statel influencel microbiall communicationl inl thel gut,l asl welll asl
innatel andl adaptivel immunel systems
-Malnutritionl affectsl eachl partl ofl thel immunel system
QUESTION
Malnutritionl affectsl thel immunel systeml inl whatl ways?
Answer:
•Integrityl ofl thel skinl andl mucousl membranes
•Woundl healing
•Flatteningl ofl microvilli,l whichl reducesl nutrientl absorption
•Damagel tol thel GIl tract,l whichl increasesl thel riskl thatl infection-causingl bacterial willl
spreadl outsidel thel intestinall system
•Antibodies:l fewerl inl numberl andl lessl effective
QUESTION
Protein-energyl malnutritionl PEM
Answer:
inadequatel intakel ofl nutrients
,-inl youngl childrenl itl canl causel permanentl disabilitiesl bcl mostl brainl growthl occursl
duringl thel earlyl yearsl ofl life
QUESTION
Starvation
Answer:
usesl storedl carbs,l fatl andl proteinl tol meetl energyl demands
-liveryl glycogenl helpsl maintainl BG
-fattyl acidsl mobilizel tol givel energyl tol CNS
QUESTION
Severel stressl stages
Answer:
Ebbl phasel (earlyl phase)l Immediatelyl afterl injuryl
-decreasedl O2l consumption,l hypothermia,l letharygy
Flowl phasel (36-48l hoursl afterl injury)
-lastsl forl days,l weeks,l orl months
-poorl nutritionall statusl compoundsl problems
QUESTION
Effectl ofl stressl onl carbsl andl fluidl metabolism
Answer:
Carbohydratel metabolism
-Hepaticl glucosel productionl increased
-Insulingl levelsl andl glucosel increase
Hydrationl andl fluidl status
QUESTION
Hormonesl alteredl byl stressl include
Answer:
,Aldosterone—corticosteroidl thatl causesl renall sodiuml retentionl
•l Antidiureticl hormonel (ADH)—stimulatesl renall tubularl waterl absorptionl tol conservel
waterl andl saltl tol supportl circulatingl bloodl volume.l
l •l Adrenocorticotropicl hormonel (ACTH)—actsl onl adrenall cortexl tol releasel cortisoll
(mobilizesl aminol acidsl froml skeletall muscles)l
•l Catecholamines—epinephrinel andl norepinephrinel froml renall medullal stimulatel hepaticl
glycogenolysis,l fatl mobilization,l gluconeogene
QUESTION
Proteinl metabolisml andl fatl metabolisml duringl stress
Answer:
Protein
Fat-l fatl froml adiposel stores-mo
QUESTION
Effectsl onl stressl onl micronutrientl metabolism
Answer:
Vitaminsl andl mineralsl needsl increase
-Kcall met:l vitaminsl andl mineralsl probl willl alsol be
-Speciall attentionl tol Vitaminl Cl (collagenl formation)
QUESTION
Thel rolel ofl nutrientsl onl thel immunel system
Answer:
Onel ofl thel firstl bodyl functionsl affectedl byl impairedl nutritionall statusl
-Al numberl ofl nutrientsl affectl immunel function.
-Componentsl affectedl includel mucousl membranes,l skin,l gastrointestinall (GI)l tract,l T-
lymphocytes,l macrophages,l granulocytes,l andl antibodies.
QUESTION
AAl Whatl vitaminsl arel absolutelyl cruciall forl metabolicl stress/l hypermetabolicl stress
, Answer:
-Tissuel repairl dependsl onl adequatel intakesl ofl vitaminl C,l zinc,l calcium,l magnesium,l
manganese,l andl copper
Metabolicl stress-l proteinl needsl increase
--vitaminl C,l vitaminl Al orl betal carotene,l andl zincl mayl needl speciall attentionl
Hypermetabolicl stressl -includel protein,l vitamins,l andl mineralsl andl alsol totall energyl andl
fluidl intake
QUESTION
Generall adaptationl syndrome
Answer:
Firstl calledl thel flightl orl fightl response
-body'sl constantl responsel tol minorl changesl broughtl aboutl byl needsl orl environment
-bodyl constantlyl adaptsl tol changesl tol maintainl homeostasis
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel riskl associatedl withl malnutritionl andl surgery?
Answer:
Increasel riskl ofl infections,l increasedl chancel ofl pneumonia
Slowerl healingl
-decreasedl proteinl synthesis
-weakness
-organl failurel MODS
-death
QUESTION
Aldosterone
Answer:
Corticosteroidl thatl causesl renall sodiuml retention
