Question 1
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion?
ANSWER
hypothalamus
Question 2
What is a hormone and how does it act?
ANSWER
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted
into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue
that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Question 3
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.
ANSWER
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into
glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and
muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration and promotes transport
of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
1
,Question 4
How are pheromones different than hormones?
ANSWER
is a chemical signal sent between members of the same species. Are a type of hormone
that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction between
people.
Question 5
How is inhibin used in the body?
ANSWER
Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback. This action prevents over
secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior
pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Question 6
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
ANSWER
Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act
on target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
2
,Question 7
Describe steroid hormones.
ANSWER
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell
membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule,
which together bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters
the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce
hormone's specific effects.
Question 8
Describe tropic hormones.
ANSWER
They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands than those secreting them.
Question 9
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
ANSWER
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-
10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Question 10
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
3
, ANSWER
Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-
positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies
attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis
or hemolytic disease.
Question 11
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do
these create different blood types?
ANSWER
Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its
plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Question 12
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins.
ANSWER
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
4
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion?
ANSWER
hypothalamus
Question 2
What is a hormone and how does it act?
ANSWER
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted
into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue
that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Question 3
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.
ANSWER
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into
glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and
muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration and promotes transport
of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
1
,Question 4
How are pheromones different than hormones?
ANSWER
is a chemical signal sent between members of the same species. Are a type of hormone
that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction between
people.
Question 5
How is inhibin used in the body?
ANSWER
Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback. This action prevents over
secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior
pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Question 6
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
ANSWER
Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act
on target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
2
,Question 7
Describe steroid hormones.
ANSWER
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell
membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule,
which together bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters
the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce
hormone's specific effects.
Question 8
Describe tropic hormones.
ANSWER
They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands than those secreting them.
Question 9
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
ANSWER
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-
10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Question 10
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
3
, ANSWER
Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-
positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies
attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis
or hemolytic disease.
Question 11
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do
these create different blood types?
ANSWER
Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its
plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Question 12
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins.
ANSWER
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
4
