Question 1
What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
ANSWER
Hypothalamus - sends messages to release hormones
Question 2
What is a hormone and how does it act?
ANSWER
A hormone is a secreted substance into the internal environment - to stimulate specific
cells into action.
Question 3
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.
ANSWER
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells to the pancreas, that RAISES the
concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
Effect is opposite for insulin, which lowers the concentration of glucose.
Question 4
1
,How are pheromones different than hormones?
ANSWER
A pheromone is a secreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of
the same species - attracting others.
Is a type of hormone.
Question 5
How is inhibin used in the body?
ANSWER
One of two hormones produced by the gonads and inhibit the production of Follicle -
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Question 6
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
ANSWER
Paracrine Glands - Products act on the target cells by diffusion of their material into the
extracellular space.
Autocrine Glands - Secretions act on gland, itself.
Endocrine Glands - Secrete their products, hormones, directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine Glands - Secrete their material into ducts.
2
,Question 7
How is diabetes insipitus different than diabetes mellitus?
ANSWER
Diabetes Insipitus - Disease where kidneys are unable to conserve water. Rare disease.
Diabetes Mellitus - Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood. Very common.
Question 8
Steroid Hormones.
ANSWER
Steroid that acts as a hormone.
Can be grouped into five groups by the receptor to which they bind: glucocorticoids,
mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens.
Question 9
Tropic Hormones.
ANSWER
Hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target.
Most are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Question 10
Describe normal blood: Number of each cell type, pH.
3
, ANSWER
pH Range: 7.35 - 7.45.
Red blood cell count: 4,000,000 to 6,000,000
White blood cell count: 3,500 to 10,500.
Question 11
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
ANSWER
Can cause problems if female is Rh Negative and the fetus is Rh Positive. Some positive
cells may enter maternal blood at birth and stimulate maternal tissues to produce anti-Rh
antibodies.
Anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood can cross the placental membrane and react with the
red blood cells of an Rh-Positive fetus.
Question 12
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do
these create different blood types?
ANSWER
Type A blood - A antigen and antibody Anti-B.
Type B blood - B antigen and antibody Anti-A.
Type AB blood - A and B antigens and no antibodies.
Type O blood - no antigens and antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B.
4
What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
ANSWER
Hypothalamus - sends messages to release hormones
Question 2
What is a hormone and how does it act?
ANSWER
A hormone is a secreted substance into the internal environment - to stimulate specific
cells into action.
Question 3
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.
ANSWER
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells to the pancreas, that RAISES the
concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
Effect is opposite for insulin, which lowers the concentration of glucose.
Question 4
1
,How are pheromones different than hormones?
ANSWER
A pheromone is a secreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of
the same species - attracting others.
Is a type of hormone.
Question 5
How is inhibin used in the body?
ANSWER
One of two hormones produced by the gonads and inhibit the production of Follicle -
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Question 6
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
ANSWER
Paracrine Glands - Products act on the target cells by diffusion of their material into the
extracellular space.
Autocrine Glands - Secretions act on gland, itself.
Endocrine Glands - Secrete their products, hormones, directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine Glands - Secrete their material into ducts.
2
,Question 7
How is diabetes insipitus different than diabetes mellitus?
ANSWER
Diabetes Insipitus - Disease where kidneys are unable to conserve water. Rare disease.
Diabetes Mellitus - Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood. Very common.
Question 8
Steroid Hormones.
ANSWER
Steroid that acts as a hormone.
Can be grouped into five groups by the receptor to which they bind: glucocorticoids,
mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens.
Question 9
Tropic Hormones.
ANSWER
Hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target.
Most are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Question 10
Describe normal blood: Number of each cell type, pH.
3
, ANSWER
pH Range: 7.35 - 7.45.
Red blood cell count: 4,000,000 to 6,000,000
White blood cell count: 3,500 to 10,500.
Question 11
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
ANSWER
Can cause problems if female is Rh Negative and the fetus is Rh Positive. Some positive
cells may enter maternal blood at birth and stimulate maternal tissues to produce anti-Rh
antibodies.
Anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood can cross the placental membrane and react with the
red blood cells of an Rh-Positive fetus.
Question 12
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do
these create different blood types?
ANSWER
Type A blood - A antigen and antibody Anti-B.
Type B blood - B antigen and antibody Anti-A.
Type AB blood - A and B antigens and no antibodies.
Type O blood - no antigens and antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B.
4
