CCHT EXAM 2026–2027
150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ | 100% VERIFIED
Nursing & Nephrology Care
Nephrology Nursing Certification Commission (NNCC)
Key Domains: Hemodialysis Principles | Water Treatment | Patient Assessment | Vascular
Access Management | Infection Control | Complication Management | Professional
Responsibilities
The official, verified question count for the CCHT (Certified Clinical Hemodialysis Technician)
Examination administered by the NNCC is exactly 150 multiple-choice questions.
,ANSWER FORMAT: Correct answers are displayed in bold cyan text, accompanied by
rationales explaining clinical reasoning and safety protocols. Answer distribution (A, B, C, D)
is intentionally randomized.
DOMAIN I: HEMODIALYSIS PRINCIPLES (Questions 1–22)
Question 1. Hemodialysis works on the principle of:
A. Active transport across a membrane
B. Osmosis only
C. Centrifugation
D. Diffusion and ultrafiltration across a semipermeable membrane
✓ Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hemodialysis uses diffusion (movement of solutes from high to low concentration) and
ultrafiltration (fluid removal via pressure gradient) across a semipermeable membrane to remove
waste products and excess fluid from blood.
Question 2. The primary waste product removed during hemodialysis is:
A. Glucose
B. Urea (measured as BUN)
C. Red blood cells
D. Albumin
✓ Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Urea (blood urea nitrogen/BUN) is the primary waste product measured to assess
dialysis adequacy. Other waste products removed include creatinine, potassium, phosphorus, and
excess fluid. Adequate urea clearance is a key indicator of effective dialysis.
Question 3. Kt/V is a measure of:
A. Dialysis adequacy—the amount of urea cleared relative to body water volume
B. Blood pressure
C. Potassium levels
D. Fluid removal rate
✓ Correct Answer: A
, Rationale: Kt/V measures dialysis adequacy: K (dialyzer clearance of urea) × t (treatment time) /
V (volume of distribution of urea, approximately total body water). Target Kt/V is ≥1.2 per
treatment (≥3.6/week for thrice-weekly dialysis).
Question 4. The typical hemodialysis treatment duration is:
A. 1-2 hours
B. 3-4 hours, three times per week
C. 6-8 hours daily
D. 12 hours weekly
✓ Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Standard in-center hemodialysis is 3-4 hours, three times per week (approximately 12
hours/week). This duration provides adequate clearance of waste products and fluid removal
while minimizing complications from rapid fluid shifts.
Question 5. The dialysate flow rate in hemodialysis is typically:
A. 500-800 mL/min
B. 2000-2500 mL/min
C. 100-200 mL/min
D. 1000-1200 mL/min
✓ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dialysate flow rate is typically 500-800 mL/min (most commonly 500 mL/min). Higher
flow rates can increase clearance but may not provide proportional benefit. The dialysate flows
countercurrent to blood flow to maximize the concentration gradient.
Question 6. Blood flow rate during hemodialysis is typically:
A. 600-800 mL/min
B. 1000-1200 mL/min
C. 300-500 mL/min
D. 100-200 mL/min
✓ Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blood flow rate is typically 300-500 mL/min (most commonly 350-400 mL/min).
Higher blood flow rates increase clearance but require adequate vascular access flow. Blood flow
rate significantly impacts treatment efficiency.
Question 7. The dialyzer (artificial kidney) contains:
A. Only tubing
B. Hollow fibers or parallel plates creating a semipermeable membrane
separating blood and dialysate compartments
, C. Only a pump
D. Only a filter
✓ Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The dialyzer contains thousands of hollow fibers (or parallel plates) creating a
semipermeable membrane. Blood flows inside the fibers while dialysate flows outside
(countercurrent), allowing diffusion of waste products and ultrafiltration of fluid across the
membrane.
Question 8. Heparin is used during hemodialysis to:
A. Increase blood pressure
B. Prevent clotting in the extracorporeal circuit (dialyzer and tubing)
C. Increase fluid removal
D. Remove potassium
✓ Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Heparin (anticoagulant) prevents clotting in the extracorporeal circuit (bloodlines and
dialyzer). Standard heparin bolus + continuous infusion is common. Alternatives include low-
molecular-weight heparin, citrate, or heparin-free dialysis for patients at bleeding risk.
Question 9. The 'dry weight' of a dialysis patient is:
A. The patient's weight without excess fluid, at which blood pressure is normal
and there are no signs of fluid overload
B. Weight measured only monthly
C. Weight before dialysis
D. Weight immediately after eating
✓ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dry weight (target weight) is the patient's weight without excess fluid—at which blood
pressure is normal, there are no signs of fluid overload (edema, shortness of breath), and the
patient feels well. It is reassessed regularly as body composition changes.
Question 10. Ultrafiltration during hemodialysis removes:
A. Excess fluid from the blood by applying a pressure gradient across the dialyzer
membrane
B. Only waste products
C. Only phosphorus
D. Only potassium
✓ Correct Answer: A
150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ | 100% VERIFIED
Nursing & Nephrology Care
Nephrology Nursing Certification Commission (NNCC)
Key Domains: Hemodialysis Principles | Water Treatment | Patient Assessment | Vascular
Access Management | Infection Control | Complication Management | Professional
Responsibilities
The official, verified question count for the CCHT (Certified Clinical Hemodialysis Technician)
Examination administered by the NNCC is exactly 150 multiple-choice questions.
,ANSWER FORMAT: Correct answers are displayed in bold cyan text, accompanied by
rationales explaining clinical reasoning and safety protocols. Answer distribution (A, B, C, D)
is intentionally randomized.
DOMAIN I: HEMODIALYSIS PRINCIPLES (Questions 1–22)
Question 1. Hemodialysis works on the principle of:
A. Active transport across a membrane
B. Osmosis only
C. Centrifugation
D. Diffusion and ultrafiltration across a semipermeable membrane
✓ Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hemodialysis uses diffusion (movement of solutes from high to low concentration) and
ultrafiltration (fluid removal via pressure gradient) across a semipermeable membrane to remove
waste products and excess fluid from blood.
Question 2. The primary waste product removed during hemodialysis is:
A. Glucose
B. Urea (measured as BUN)
C. Red blood cells
D. Albumin
✓ Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Urea (blood urea nitrogen/BUN) is the primary waste product measured to assess
dialysis adequacy. Other waste products removed include creatinine, potassium, phosphorus, and
excess fluid. Adequate urea clearance is a key indicator of effective dialysis.
Question 3. Kt/V is a measure of:
A. Dialysis adequacy—the amount of urea cleared relative to body water volume
B. Blood pressure
C. Potassium levels
D. Fluid removal rate
✓ Correct Answer: A
, Rationale: Kt/V measures dialysis adequacy: K (dialyzer clearance of urea) × t (treatment time) /
V (volume of distribution of urea, approximately total body water). Target Kt/V is ≥1.2 per
treatment (≥3.6/week for thrice-weekly dialysis).
Question 4. The typical hemodialysis treatment duration is:
A. 1-2 hours
B. 3-4 hours, three times per week
C. 6-8 hours daily
D. 12 hours weekly
✓ Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Standard in-center hemodialysis is 3-4 hours, three times per week (approximately 12
hours/week). This duration provides adequate clearance of waste products and fluid removal
while minimizing complications from rapid fluid shifts.
Question 5. The dialysate flow rate in hemodialysis is typically:
A. 500-800 mL/min
B. 2000-2500 mL/min
C. 100-200 mL/min
D. 1000-1200 mL/min
✓ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dialysate flow rate is typically 500-800 mL/min (most commonly 500 mL/min). Higher
flow rates can increase clearance but may not provide proportional benefit. The dialysate flows
countercurrent to blood flow to maximize the concentration gradient.
Question 6. Blood flow rate during hemodialysis is typically:
A. 600-800 mL/min
B. 1000-1200 mL/min
C. 300-500 mL/min
D. 100-200 mL/min
✓ Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blood flow rate is typically 300-500 mL/min (most commonly 350-400 mL/min).
Higher blood flow rates increase clearance but require adequate vascular access flow. Blood flow
rate significantly impacts treatment efficiency.
Question 7. The dialyzer (artificial kidney) contains:
A. Only tubing
B. Hollow fibers or parallel plates creating a semipermeable membrane
separating blood and dialysate compartments
, C. Only a pump
D. Only a filter
✓ Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The dialyzer contains thousands of hollow fibers (or parallel plates) creating a
semipermeable membrane. Blood flows inside the fibers while dialysate flows outside
(countercurrent), allowing diffusion of waste products and ultrafiltration of fluid across the
membrane.
Question 8. Heparin is used during hemodialysis to:
A. Increase blood pressure
B. Prevent clotting in the extracorporeal circuit (dialyzer and tubing)
C. Increase fluid removal
D. Remove potassium
✓ Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Heparin (anticoagulant) prevents clotting in the extracorporeal circuit (bloodlines and
dialyzer). Standard heparin bolus + continuous infusion is common. Alternatives include low-
molecular-weight heparin, citrate, or heparin-free dialysis for patients at bleeding risk.
Question 9. The 'dry weight' of a dialysis patient is:
A. The patient's weight without excess fluid, at which blood pressure is normal
and there are no signs of fluid overload
B. Weight measured only monthly
C. Weight before dialysis
D. Weight immediately after eating
✓ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dry weight (target weight) is the patient's weight without excess fluid—at which blood
pressure is normal, there are no signs of fluid overload (edema, shortness of breath), and the
patient feels well. It is reassessed regularly as body composition changes.
Question 10. Ultrafiltration during hemodialysis removes:
A. Excess fluid from the blood by applying a pressure gradient across the dialyzer
membrane
B. Only waste products
C. Only phosphorus
D. Only potassium
✓ Correct Answer: A
