First Exam CHSO 404 ACTUAL UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Karolysis DNA is degraded
Pyknosis Nucleus shrinks in size
Karyorrhexis fragmentation of nucleus
Differentiation process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
Less differentiated seen in cancer cells, tumors
Proliferation an increase in number, multiplication
cancer cells increase in proliferation, decrease in differentiation
atrophy shrinkage of tissue or organ size due to reduction in cell size
, hypertrophy increase in cell size in response to stress
-cardiac myocytes cannot divide, so adapt by getting bigger i.e. left ventricular
hypertrophy
hyperplasia increase in the cell number and is distinct from hypertrophy
-epithelial cells may undergo hyperplasia under streess
-uterine lining has hyperplasia before bleeding - thickened wall
metaplasia -Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
-ex - chronic irritation or inflammation
dysplasia -disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue
-vary in size, shape and organization
-precursor to cancer if not removed
accumulations during cell stress -lipids - heart and liver
-glycogen - particularly in liver and skeletal muscles
-melanin - formed by melanocytes in skin
-hemosiderin - formed from hemoglobin
-bilirubin - normally in liver
-lipofuscin- fine granular golden brown pigment formed from phospholipids and
proteins derived from degenerating membranes
-wear and tear pigment
-heart, liver, nerve
-minerals - calcium = calcification
-hyaline change - non specific indicator; formed from protein, light pink on slide
ROS clean up system ROS --> hydrogen peroxide --> water and oxygen
2 enzymes - superoxide dismutase. catalase
excess ROS causes ___ -cellular damage
-leaking membranes
-calcium influx
-cell death
ischemic cell injury and death - decrease in o2 leads to anaerobic metabolism - which decreases pH bc causes
increase in lactic acid - low pF is denaturing
Karolysis DNA is degraded
Pyknosis Nucleus shrinks in size
Karyorrhexis fragmentation of nucleus
Differentiation process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
Less differentiated seen in cancer cells, tumors
Proliferation an increase in number, multiplication
cancer cells increase in proliferation, decrease in differentiation
atrophy shrinkage of tissue or organ size due to reduction in cell size
, hypertrophy increase in cell size in response to stress
-cardiac myocytes cannot divide, so adapt by getting bigger i.e. left ventricular
hypertrophy
hyperplasia increase in the cell number and is distinct from hypertrophy
-epithelial cells may undergo hyperplasia under streess
-uterine lining has hyperplasia before bleeding - thickened wall
metaplasia -Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
-ex - chronic irritation or inflammation
dysplasia -disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue
-vary in size, shape and organization
-precursor to cancer if not removed
accumulations during cell stress -lipids - heart and liver
-glycogen - particularly in liver and skeletal muscles
-melanin - formed by melanocytes in skin
-hemosiderin - formed from hemoglobin
-bilirubin - normally in liver
-lipofuscin- fine granular golden brown pigment formed from phospholipids and
proteins derived from degenerating membranes
-wear and tear pigment
-heart, liver, nerve
-minerals - calcium = calcification
-hyaline change - non specific indicator; formed from protein, light pink on slide
ROS clean up system ROS --> hydrogen peroxide --> water and oxygen
2 enzymes - superoxide dismutase. catalase
excess ROS causes ___ -cellular damage
-leaking membranes
-calcium influx
-cell death
ischemic cell injury and death - decrease in o2 leads to anaerobic metabolism - which decreases pH bc causes
increase in lactic acid - low pF is denaturing
