NR 546 MIDTERM EXAM TEST BANK 2026: 200+
HIGH-YIELD QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS!!
__________ increase GABA's inhibitory activity, leading to the decreased output
of excitatory neurotransmitters resulting in the adverse effects related to their use
- answer-Benzodiazepines (BZOs)
________,_________,_________,________ are all key modulators of the
hypothetical fear and worry circuits
- answer-Serotonin, norepinephrine, alpha-2 delta ligands and GABA
__% of the population will develop an anxiety disorder
- answer-30%
2 dones and a rone
- answer--more potently to the 5HT 2A receptor than to D2 or bine equally
between the 2 receptors.
-less sedating and cause less weight gain, but have a higher risk for
hyperprolactinemia and EPS
2 pips and a rip
- answer--pips: bind more potently to D2 receptors than to 5HT-2A, have low risk
of metabolic side effects and weight gain, but they have a potential for EPS.
-rips binds equally to both D2 and 5HT-2A receptors, have low risk for metabolic
disorders
5HT
- answer-Serotonin
-help regulate mood
-makes relaxed, comfortable, decreases stress, regulate sleep, arousal, libido,
aggression, pain perception
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)
- answer-tool used to monitor involuntary movements and tardive dyskinesia in
clients who take antipsychotic medication
,-best practice/recommendation to document the AIMS at minimum every 6 months
for patients taking an antipsychotic agent/dopamine blocker
abrupt cessation of benzodiazepines
- answer-can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms
-seizures and death
Ach
- answer-acetylcholine
-in CNS: affects arousal, motivation, attention, learning, REM sleep, impacts sleep,
pain perception, memory
-in PNS: makes you sweat and salivate
-link between brain and muscles
-not enough: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Schizophrenia
-too much: Depression
-Role in addiction
-Receptors: nicotinic & muscarinic
adding 5HT2A antagonism:
- answer-improve side effects of D2 blockade and enhance the antipsychotic
efficacy of D2 blockade
Additional adverse effects of excessive D2 receptor blockade (D2 antagonist
actions) include:
- answer--cardiac concerns: QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden
cardiac death
-blood dyscrasias (neutropenia, leukopenia, and agranulocytosis)
-esophageal dysmotility, aspiration
-increased fall risk
Adherence
- answer-Persistence
-taking med over intended time period
Compliance
-taking med as prescribed
Affect of fear
- answer-regulated by reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex
(OFC)
,agonists
- answer-fully stimulate G-protein-linked receptors
akathisia
- answer-Inner restlessness leading to repetitive motion (rocking, tapping fingers).
Alex is a returning client who reports leaking fluid from his nipples. Which of the
following is most likely responsible for these undesirable side effects?
- answer-Risperidone
-highest risk for galactorrhea, due to hyperprolactinemia.
all forms of psychosis are linked to the neurotransmitter systems:
- answer-dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate
Alogia
- answer-dysfunction of communication
-poverty of speech
Alpha 2 Delta Ligands
- answer-used off-label for general anxiety disorder (GAD).
-bind with glutamate calcium channel blockers (Glu-CB) to inhibit the release of
several neurotransmitters. --Pregabalin has anxiolytic properties with selective
binding to the α-2-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels.
-pregabalin (Lyrica)
-gabapentin (Neurontin)
Alpha 2 Delta Ligands: adverse effects
- answer--sedation
-dizziness
-impaired attention
-confusion
-dry mouth
-constipation
-blurred vision
-possible weight gain
Alpha 2 Delta Ligands: clinical pearls
- answer--works quickly to reduce anxiety symptoms
-pregabalin reduces anxiety with a similar onset to alprazolam.
, Alpha 2 Delta Ligands: Precautions & Contraindications
- answer-Precautions:
-suicidal ideation
-substance abuse
-heart failure
-renal impairment
Contraindications:
-myopathy
-avoid prescribing concurrently with benzodiazepines (BZOs)
Alprazolam
- answer-Anxiolytic
BENZODIAZEPINE
GABA positive allosteric modulator
-Indication: Generalized anxiety disorder, other anxiety disorders, panic disorder,
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, insomnia, acute mania,
acute psychosis, catatonia.
-Dosing:
• Anxiety: alprazolam IR: 1-4 mg/day (start at 0.75-1.5, 3 divided doses)
• Panic: alprazolam IR: 5-6 mg/day (start at 1.5, 3 divided doses)
• Panic: alprazolam XR: 3-6 mg/day (start at 0.5-1 QD AM)
Risks:
-Sedation, fatigue, depression
-Dizziness, ataxia, slurred speech, weakness
-Forgetfulness, confusion
-Hyperexcitability, nervousness
Pearls:
-not recommended during pregnancy, especially during first trimester
-Recommended either D/C drug or bottle feed
alprazolam IR (Xanax)
- answer-Short-acting
Use: GAD, panic disorder
Half-life: 12-15 hours
Equivalence: 0.5 mg
HIGH-YIELD QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS!!
__________ increase GABA's inhibitory activity, leading to the decreased output
of excitatory neurotransmitters resulting in the adverse effects related to their use
- answer-Benzodiazepines (BZOs)
________,_________,_________,________ are all key modulators of the
hypothetical fear and worry circuits
- answer-Serotonin, norepinephrine, alpha-2 delta ligands and GABA
__% of the population will develop an anxiety disorder
- answer-30%
2 dones and a rone
- answer--more potently to the 5HT 2A receptor than to D2 or bine equally
between the 2 receptors.
-less sedating and cause less weight gain, but have a higher risk for
hyperprolactinemia and EPS
2 pips and a rip
- answer--pips: bind more potently to D2 receptors than to 5HT-2A, have low risk
of metabolic side effects and weight gain, but they have a potential for EPS.
-rips binds equally to both D2 and 5HT-2A receptors, have low risk for metabolic
disorders
5HT
- answer-Serotonin
-help regulate mood
-makes relaxed, comfortable, decreases stress, regulate sleep, arousal, libido,
aggression, pain perception
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)
- answer-tool used to monitor involuntary movements and tardive dyskinesia in
clients who take antipsychotic medication
,-best practice/recommendation to document the AIMS at minimum every 6 months
for patients taking an antipsychotic agent/dopamine blocker
abrupt cessation of benzodiazepines
- answer-can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms
-seizures and death
Ach
- answer-acetylcholine
-in CNS: affects arousal, motivation, attention, learning, REM sleep, impacts sleep,
pain perception, memory
-in PNS: makes you sweat and salivate
-link between brain and muscles
-not enough: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Schizophrenia
-too much: Depression
-Role in addiction
-Receptors: nicotinic & muscarinic
adding 5HT2A antagonism:
- answer-improve side effects of D2 blockade and enhance the antipsychotic
efficacy of D2 blockade
Additional adverse effects of excessive D2 receptor blockade (D2 antagonist
actions) include:
- answer--cardiac concerns: QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden
cardiac death
-blood dyscrasias (neutropenia, leukopenia, and agranulocytosis)
-esophageal dysmotility, aspiration
-increased fall risk
Adherence
- answer-Persistence
-taking med over intended time period
Compliance
-taking med as prescribed
Affect of fear
- answer-regulated by reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex
(OFC)
,agonists
- answer-fully stimulate G-protein-linked receptors
akathisia
- answer-Inner restlessness leading to repetitive motion (rocking, tapping fingers).
Alex is a returning client who reports leaking fluid from his nipples. Which of the
following is most likely responsible for these undesirable side effects?
- answer-Risperidone
-highest risk for galactorrhea, due to hyperprolactinemia.
all forms of psychosis are linked to the neurotransmitter systems:
- answer-dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate
Alogia
- answer-dysfunction of communication
-poverty of speech
Alpha 2 Delta Ligands
- answer-used off-label for general anxiety disorder (GAD).
-bind with glutamate calcium channel blockers (Glu-CB) to inhibit the release of
several neurotransmitters. --Pregabalin has anxiolytic properties with selective
binding to the α-2-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels.
-pregabalin (Lyrica)
-gabapentin (Neurontin)
Alpha 2 Delta Ligands: adverse effects
- answer--sedation
-dizziness
-impaired attention
-confusion
-dry mouth
-constipation
-blurred vision
-possible weight gain
Alpha 2 Delta Ligands: clinical pearls
- answer--works quickly to reduce anxiety symptoms
-pregabalin reduces anxiety with a similar onset to alprazolam.
, Alpha 2 Delta Ligands: Precautions & Contraindications
- answer-Precautions:
-suicidal ideation
-substance abuse
-heart failure
-renal impairment
Contraindications:
-myopathy
-avoid prescribing concurrently with benzodiazepines (BZOs)
Alprazolam
- answer-Anxiolytic
BENZODIAZEPINE
GABA positive allosteric modulator
-Indication: Generalized anxiety disorder, other anxiety disorders, panic disorder,
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, insomnia, acute mania,
acute psychosis, catatonia.
-Dosing:
• Anxiety: alprazolam IR: 1-4 mg/day (start at 0.75-1.5, 3 divided doses)
• Panic: alprazolam IR: 5-6 mg/day (start at 1.5, 3 divided doses)
• Panic: alprazolam XR: 3-6 mg/day (start at 0.5-1 QD AM)
Risks:
-Sedation, fatigue, depression
-Dizziness, ataxia, slurred speech, weakness
-Forgetfulness, confusion
-Hyperexcitability, nervousness
Pearls:
-not recommended during pregnancy, especially during first trimester
-Recommended either D/C drug or bottle feed
alprazolam IR (Xanax)
- answer-Short-acting
Use: GAD, panic disorder
Half-life: 12-15 hours
Equivalence: 0.5 mg
