PT 521 EXAM 1QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PT 521 EXAM 1QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 pharmacokinetics - Answers what our body does to a drug pharmacodynamics - Answers what a drug does to our body what kind of drugs do PTs administer - Answers ultrasound & e-stim meds what is a drug - Answers any substance that when taken into a living organism, may modify one or more of its functions what are drugs used for? - Answers -prevention of disease -treatment or palliation of disease -replacement -maintenance of optimal health what does the FDA do - Answers 1. directs drug development process 2. gives approval for making new drugs 3. approves new use for older drug 4. monitors use of existing drugs what does the FDA determine about drugs? - Answers 1. if drug is EFFECTIVE 2. if drug is SAFE pre clinical phase - Answers lab tests for safety on animals phase I of drug development - Answers tests for safety, effectiveness, dosage, pharmacokinetics/dynamics in small groups of healthy humans phase II of drug development - Answers tests effectiveness of drug in small group with specific diagnosis phase III of drug development - Answers tests safety and effectiveness in large group with specific diagnosis phase IV of drug development - Answers tests long-term surveillance, post marketing studies monitor rare side effects when does the FDA fast track a drug? - Answers no current tx is effective and disease is severe (potential pros outweigh potential costs) traditional drug classification - Answers -chemical synthesis -specific chemical process in lab -well-defined chemical structures generic drug classification - Answers -same active ingredients, strength, dosage, form, route of transmission, and is bioequivalent -chemically same as innovator drug biologic drug classification - Answers manufactured from living sx, large cell structures, expensive bc hard to manufacture biosimilar drug classification - Answers similar to biologic, but not identical, may not have therapeutic equivalent are biologics more or less targetted? - Answers more purpose of integrative medicine - Answers focus on health and healing rather than disease and tx prescription advantages - Answers -specific to pt -specific dosage -more effective bc more potent prescription disadvantages - Answers -expensive -accessibility -worse side effects OTC advantages - Answers -easy access -cheaper OTC disadvantages - Answers -less effective -less targeted can PTs recommend the use of drugs? - Answers NO- can recommend go to Dr or can educate about side effects, contraindications, etc pharmacotherapeutics - Answers use of medicine to prevent, treat, and diagnose a disease toxicology - Answers study of harmful effects of chemicals mechanism of action - Answers how a drug produces its physiological effect in the body chemical name - Answers specific compound's structure generic name - Answers official or nonproprietary name brand/trade name - Answers proprietary name, assigned by drug company and copyrighted januvia - Answers Antidiabetic enjuvia - Answers hot flashes, menopause/low estrogen sx jantoven - Answers Warfarin (blood thinner) celebrex - Answers pain killer cerebryx - Answers seizure med celexa - Answers depression controlled substances - Answers drugs with higher potential for abuse, addiction, and withdrawal schedule I drugs - Answers highest potential for abuse (heroin, LSD, ecstasy, peyote) schedule II drugs - Answers high abuse potential, but have an accepted medical use and can be prescribed (morphine, cocaine, adderall, ritalin, oxycodone) schedule III drugs - Answers chance for abuse that may lead to moderate/low physical dependence or high psychological dependence (testosterone, ketamine, steroids, tylenol with codeine) schedule IV drugs - Answers abuse potential low (xanax, darvocet, valium, ativan) schedule V drugs - Answers least potential for abuse among controlled substances (robitussin, pregablin) terratogen - Answers drug that harms fetus greatest risk to fetus time period - Answers 3-11 weeks thalidomide - Answers terratogen, sleeping pill that caused birth defects like missing limbs dose - Answers amount of drug administered (want it large enough to reach target site but not too large that effect it toxic) low dose - Answers no observable effect threshold dose - Answers response begins to occur and continues to increase until it hits a plateau ceiling effect (max efficiency) - Answers point at which there is no increase in response even when dosage is increased efficacy - Answers therapeutic effectiveness of a drug potency - Answers the higher the potency, the lower the dose required to achieve the same effect therapeutic index - Answers range of doses at which a medication is effective without unacceptable adverse events (i.e. becoming toxic) median effective dose - Answers dose at which 50% of population responds to a drug in a specific manner median toxic dose - Answers dose at which 50% of population exhibits adverse effects the greater the therapeutic index, the ___________ the drug. - Answers SAFER do OTCs have high or low TI? - Answers high! very safe bioavailability - Answers physiologic ability of a drug to reach systemic circulation what determines bioavailability - Answers 1. route of administration 2. ability of drug to cross membrane barriers (i.e. blood brain barrier) how is bioavailability measured - Answers percent of drug that reaches the bloodstream time course - Answers how long a drug stays in the body and does its job administration - Answers how drug gets into body enteric administration - Answers any method of administration that takes the drug through the GI tract (oral, buccal, sublingual, NG, rectal) parenteral administration - Answers does not go through GI tract (injection, inhalation, intrathecal, implantation, topical, transdermal) advantages to enteral drug administration - Answers cheap convenient safe controlled (not huge surge of drug) disadvantages to enteral drug administration - Answers unpredictable GI irritation swallowing issues compliance of pts emergencies first pass effect first pass effect - Answers drug gets metabolized in liver and results in a reduced concentration of active drug when it reaches its site of action or systemic circulation advantages of buccal administration - Answers rich blood supply in mouth (great absorption), rapid onset of drug action, little 1st pass effect disadvantages of buccal administration - Answers few drugs absorbed, bitter drugs cannot be given nasogastric tube (NG tube) - Answers bidirectional, can deliver meds, food, and can be used for removal PEG tube/G tube - Answers percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube -tube inserted through abdomen and into stomach -used if defects to mouth/esophagus, swallowing problems, aspiration issues rectal administration - Answers less first pass effect can be unpredictable used in unconscious people what types of drugs use rectal administration - Answers opiods benzodiazapines glucocorticoids anti-emetics oral drugs - Answers analgesics sedatives sublingual & buccal drugs - Answers nitroglycerine rectal drugs - Answers phenergan inhalation/nebulization drugs - Answers general anesthesia (halothane) lung drugs (asthma, COPD) non-lipid soluble substances intradermal - Answers creates bleb (TB test) subcutaneous - Answers rich nerve supply slower absorption than intramuscular ex. insulin intramuscular - Answers highly vascularized quick absorption (ex. antibiotics, biologics, vaccines, hormones) intra-articular - Answers acute inflammation or trauma in a joint (steroid injection) intravenous - Answers directly into bloodstream used in emergencies 100% bioavailable intrarterial - Answers directly into artery contrast dye for angiography high danger if adverse effects topical - Answers treat derm conditions like inflammation, itching, local infections transdermal - Answers drug delivered across skin so drug is absorbed through skin layers and has a systemic effect phonophoresis - Answers ultrasound waves to enhance transmission of medication through dermis iontophoresis - Answers non-invasive, delivers drug with low-level electric current to push drug into skin and underlying tissue intrathecal - Answers puts drugs directly into CNS by bathing spinal cord and bypasses blood brain barrier ex. nerve block intrathecal baclofen therapy (IBT) - Answers tx delivered intrathecal to help manage severe spasticity inhalation examples - Answers albuterol nebulizer general anesthesia injection examples - Answers analgesia chemo insulin baclofen morphine tpoical examples - Answers skin cream eye drops nasal spray transdermal examples - Answers ionto phono nitro nicotine AC - Answers before meals BID - Answers twice a day hs - Answers hour of sleep npo - Answers nothing by mouth pc - Answers after meals po - Answers by mouth prn - Answers as needed q - Answers every qh - Answers every hour qid - Answers four times a day q2h - Answers every 2 hours TID - Answers three times a day NKA - Answers no known allergies 3 ways drugs cross membranes - Answers passive diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport distribution - Answers how a drug is transported and distributed within tissues factors effecting distribution - Answers tissue permeability blood flow binding of proteins blood barriers volume of distribution - Answers how much of the drug reaches the blood plasma where drugs can be "stored" in the body - Answers primary: adipose tissue (bc many drugs are lipid soluble) bone (lead, tetracycline) muscle organs (liver/kidneys) metabolism elimination - Answers drug changed to an inactive form in body (liver) excretion - Answers drug leaves body completely amount of drug that enters bloodstream is determined by - Answers administration & absorption how much drug arrives at site of action is determined by - Answers distribution processes how rapidly drug is removed from body is determined by - Answers metabolism and elimination priorities of administration - Answers least complicated manner to get sufficient quantity of drug to target site metabolism - Answers total of all chemical reactions in body Biotransformation - Answers individual chemical reactions of metabolism prodrugs - Answers certain drugs that require metabolism to make them active (ex. sulfasalazine) tolerance - Answers need for increased drug doasges to produce same effect enzyme induction - Answers prolonged use of certain drugs that induces body to enzymatically destroy drugs sooner factors that affect metabolism of drugs - Answers age kidney/liver disease genetics gender _____ is primary organ of drug elimination - Answers kidney what will happen if drug is administered faster than it is eliminated? - Answers could build up and become toxic what if drug is eliminated faster than it is administered? - Answers won't have as much of a therapeutic effect clearance - Answers volume of plasma that is completely cleared of the drug per unit of time (mL/min) predicts the rate of elimination of drug in relation to its blood serum concentration half-life (t1/2) - Answers time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to be reduced by 50% (larger the half-life, the longer it takes for a drug to be eliminated) steady state - Answers when the amount of medication being administered at a constant does and constant dosing interval equals the amount of drug being eliminated food drug interactions - Answers grapefruit juice inhibits enzymes that breakdown drug in GI tract so drug has increased response (could lead to toxicity) drug-drug interaction (antacid) - Answers antacid may bind with tetracycline in stomach and decrease antibiotic effect distribution (drug-drug interaction) - Answers one drug may displace another from a protein binding site (coumadin and aspirin) metabolism (drug-drug interaction) - Answers one drug may increase or decrease the metabolism of another drug excretion (drug-drug interaction) - Answers one drug may inhibit the active transport site for tubular secretion in the kidney (drug may stay in body too long and lead to a toxic event) biggest culprits of side effects - Answers blood thinners, DM meds, opiods (60% of ER visits) NSAID - Answers non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug drug-receptor interactions - Answers the ability of a drug to bind to any receptor (dependent on size & shape & attraction btwn drug & receptor) Drug selectivity - Answers degree to which a drug has a selective effect on target tissue but not others (binds with specific receptors on target tissue) affinity - Answers the ability to bind to a receptor (attraction btwn drug and receptor) agonist drug - Answers activate receptors (needs both affinity and efficacy) antagonist drugs - Answers block the access or attachment of the body's natural agonists to receptors (affinity but no efficacy) celebrex - Answers tx arthritis and inflammation, NSAID, cox-2 inhibitor apixaban - Answers Anticoagulant (usually after surgery to prevent clots) ramipril - Answers ace inhibitor (HTN) atenolol - Answers beta blocker (HTN) Pravastatin - Answers hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol) "statin" may cause muscle aches famotidine - Answers GERD acid reducer CABG - Answers coronary artery bypass graft synthroid - Answers hypothyroidism (must take on EMPTY 30mins-1hr) nifedipine - Answers calcium channel blocker (HTN) hydrochlorothiazidine - Answers diuretic (HTN) glucosamine - Answers joint pain, OA Zolpidem Tartrate - Answers insomnia nitroglycerine - Answers vasodilator (for chest pain) metformin - Answers Antidiabetic (type 2) zoloft - Answers depression, OCD, PTSD (SSRI) SSRI - Answers selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (crosses BBB)