K+ and Na+
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move in opposition
Renal (Metabolic) system
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-Plasma bicarbonate ion concentration (HCO3-)
-gets rid of metabolic acids like lactic acid and others
-Measure by HCO3-
-3rd line of defense
•Kidneys can excrete ANY acid except carbonic
•Kidneys excrete METABOLIC acids
▫Excrete or retain H+
▫Retain or excrete HCO3-
, •Only effective if kidneys are functioning normally
-Kidney failure = acidosis
•HCO3 is the indicator of renal effectiveness
Catecholamines and corticosteroids increase
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-in response to stress
Glucagon levels
Liver production of glucose
But decreases the use of glucose in muscle/fat tissue
"Stress hyperglycemia"
Asthma Clinical manifestations
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• WHEEZING-airway constriction (hallmark)
▫ Listen to wheezing
• Chest tightness
• DYSPNEA-Shortness of breath
• Increased sputum production
• Tachycardia
• Use of accessory muscles
• COUGH: earliest sign of exacerbation in children
Asthma Etiology
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, • Defining characteristics
▫ Episodic airway obstruction resulting from
Bronchospasm
Increased mucus production
Mucosal edema
Usually reversible
▫ Release of inflammatory chemicals from the mast cells in the airways
▫ Increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli
• Occurs in about 7-14% of the US population
• Most common chronic disease in childhood
▫ Twice as many boys
• Mild to life threatening
• Triggered by allergens and by stimuli
Primary (Essential) hypertension
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- unknown etiology
▫ Most common
▫ 90-95%
Glascow Coma Scale (GCS)
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• Standardized tool developed for the purpose of assessing
the LOC in acutely brain-injured patients. 3-15 scale
- Eye-opening (1-4)
Simple measure of alertness
- Verbal speech (1-5)
Reflects orientation
- Motor movement (1-6)
Powerful indicator of outcome
, -Use sternal rub to stimulate patient
-a 7 or less indicates coma
•Extracellular space
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-outside of the cell -where exchanges happen, oxygen, glucose
-in vascular space/ bloodstream
Simple partial
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No change in LOC
Motor-one part of body
Sensory-tingling or numbness, buzzing, lights
Autonomic-pupil dilation, diaphoresis, respiratory changes
Hyperkalemia Causes
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•decreased urinary excretion
-decreased aldosterone or angiotension II
-K+ sparing diuretics
-Renal Failure
•increased ingestion of K+
•Intra - extra cellular shifts
Give this one a try later!
move in opposition
Renal (Metabolic) system
Give this one a try later!
-Plasma bicarbonate ion concentration (HCO3-)
-gets rid of metabolic acids like lactic acid and others
-Measure by HCO3-
-3rd line of defense
•Kidneys can excrete ANY acid except carbonic
•Kidneys excrete METABOLIC acids
▫Excrete or retain H+
▫Retain or excrete HCO3-
, •Only effective if kidneys are functioning normally
-Kidney failure = acidosis
•HCO3 is the indicator of renal effectiveness
Catecholamines and corticosteroids increase
Give this one a try later!
-in response to stress
Glucagon levels
Liver production of glucose
But decreases the use of glucose in muscle/fat tissue
"Stress hyperglycemia"
Asthma Clinical manifestations
Give this one a try later!
• WHEEZING-airway constriction (hallmark)
▫ Listen to wheezing
• Chest tightness
• DYSPNEA-Shortness of breath
• Increased sputum production
• Tachycardia
• Use of accessory muscles
• COUGH: earliest sign of exacerbation in children
Asthma Etiology
Give this one a try later!
, • Defining characteristics
▫ Episodic airway obstruction resulting from
Bronchospasm
Increased mucus production
Mucosal edema
Usually reversible
▫ Release of inflammatory chemicals from the mast cells in the airways
▫ Increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli
• Occurs in about 7-14% of the US population
• Most common chronic disease in childhood
▫ Twice as many boys
• Mild to life threatening
• Triggered by allergens and by stimuli
Primary (Essential) hypertension
Give this one a try later!
- unknown etiology
▫ Most common
▫ 90-95%
Glascow Coma Scale (GCS)
Give this one a try later!
• Standardized tool developed for the purpose of assessing
the LOC in acutely brain-injured patients. 3-15 scale
- Eye-opening (1-4)
Simple measure of alertness
- Verbal speech (1-5)
Reflects orientation
- Motor movement (1-6)
Powerful indicator of outcome
, -Use sternal rub to stimulate patient
-a 7 or less indicates coma
•Extracellular space
Give this one a try later!
-outside of the cell -where exchanges happen, oxygen, glucose
-in vascular space/ bloodstream
Simple partial
Give this one a try later!
No change in LOC
Motor-one part of body
Sensory-tingling or numbness, buzzing, lights
Autonomic-pupil dilation, diaphoresis, respiratory changes
Hyperkalemia Causes
Give this one a try later!
•decreased urinary excretion
-decreased aldosterone or angiotension II
-K+ sparing diuretics
-Renal Failure
•increased ingestion of K+
•Intra - extra cellular shifts
