Chamberlain NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Questions and Answers | 300+
Practice Questions | Hypersensitivity Reactions,
Anemia, Heart Failure, Valvular Disorders &
COPD | Chamberlain University Nursing Exam
Question 1: DNA methylation is defined as:
A. Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones
B. The attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base followed by a guanine
base, causing a gene to become transcriptionally inactive or silent
C. RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences that can regulate gene expression
networks
D. A mutation in the DNA sequence that alters protein function
Answer: B
Rationale: DNA methylation is an epigenetic process where methyl groups attach to
cytosine bases, resulting in gene silencing. This plays a major role in cancer initiation,
progression, and treatment. Evidence shows that 20% of people with no inherited form
of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) did not have a mutation but rather genes were silenced by
epigenetic hypermethylation .
Question 2: Histone modification refers to:
A. The attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base
B. Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in
packaging DNA
C. RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences that can regulate gene expression
networks
D. The process of DNA replication
Answer: B
,Rationale: Histone modification involves adding chemical changes to histone proteins
that help package DNA, affecting gene expression without altering the DNA sequence
itself. These modifications can include acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation .
Question 3: Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs or miRs) are:
A. Proteins that regulate gene expression
B. DNA sequences that code for proteins
C. RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences that can regulate gene expression
networks
D. Enzymes that modify histones
Answer: C
Rationale: miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression networks
by binding to messenger RNA and inhibiting translation or promoting degradation.
They play important roles in development, differentiation, and disease .
Question 4: Which syndrome is characterized by deletion of 4 million base pairs of the
long arm of chromosome 15, paternally inherited, with features including short stature,
hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity, mild to moderate mental retardation, and
hypogonadism?
A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
B. Angelman Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Turner Syndrome
Answer: A
Rationale: Prader-Willi Syndrome results from a paternally inherited deletion on
chromosome 15q11-13. Features include hypotonia, feeding difficulties in infancy,
obesity, short stature, small hands and feet, hypogonadism, and intellectual disability. It
affects approximately 1 in 15,000 live births .
,Question 5: Which syndrome is characterized by deletion of 4 million base pairs of the
long arm of chromosome 15, maternally inherited, with features including severe mental
retardation, seizures, and an ataxic gait?
A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
B. Angelman Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Fragile X Syndrome
Answer: B
Rationale: Angelman Syndrome results from a maternally inherited deletion on
chromosome 15q11-13. Features include severe intellectual disability, seizures, ataxic
gait, and a happy demeanor with frequent laughter .
Question 6: What is the role of caretaker genes?
A. Promote cell division
B. Suppress tumor growth
C. Maintenance of genomic integrity
D. Activate apoptosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Caretaker genes are responsible for maintaining genomic integrity through
DNA repair. When mutated, they increase the risk of mutations in other genes,
potentially leading to cancer development .
Question 7: In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a:
A. Tumor suppressor gene
B. Caretaker gene
C. Proto-oncogene
D. Apoptosis gene
Answer: C
, Rationale: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth and division.
When mutated or overexpressed, they become oncogenes that promote cancer
development .
Question 8: Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?
A. The cells are undifferentiated.
B. The cells are well-differentiated.
C. The cells are highly disorganized.
D. The cells are malignant.
Answer: B
Rationale: Benign tumors are well-differentiated, localized, and do not metastasize.
They grow slowly and resemble the tissue of origin. In contrast, malignant tumors are
poorly differentiated (anaplastic) and can metastasize .
Question 9: Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to
form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Anaplasia is a hallmark of malignant cells, characterized by loss of
differentiation, disorganized appearance, and reduced ability to perform normal cellular
functions. This is a key feature distinguishing malignant from benign tumors .
Question 10: Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
A. Cells have metastasized to distant sites.
B. Cells are completely undifferentiated.
Midterm Exam Questions and Answers | 300+
Practice Questions | Hypersensitivity Reactions,
Anemia, Heart Failure, Valvular Disorders &
COPD | Chamberlain University Nursing Exam
Question 1: DNA methylation is defined as:
A. Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones
B. The attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base followed by a guanine
base, causing a gene to become transcriptionally inactive or silent
C. RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences that can regulate gene expression
networks
D. A mutation in the DNA sequence that alters protein function
Answer: B
Rationale: DNA methylation is an epigenetic process where methyl groups attach to
cytosine bases, resulting in gene silencing. This plays a major role in cancer initiation,
progression, and treatment. Evidence shows that 20% of people with no inherited form
of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) did not have a mutation but rather genes were silenced by
epigenetic hypermethylation .
Question 2: Histone modification refers to:
A. The attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base
B. Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in
packaging DNA
C. RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences that can regulate gene expression
networks
D. The process of DNA replication
Answer: B
,Rationale: Histone modification involves adding chemical changes to histone proteins
that help package DNA, affecting gene expression without altering the DNA sequence
itself. These modifications can include acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation .
Question 3: Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs or miRs) are:
A. Proteins that regulate gene expression
B. DNA sequences that code for proteins
C. RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences that can regulate gene expression
networks
D. Enzymes that modify histones
Answer: C
Rationale: miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression networks
by binding to messenger RNA and inhibiting translation or promoting degradation.
They play important roles in development, differentiation, and disease .
Question 4: Which syndrome is characterized by deletion of 4 million base pairs of the
long arm of chromosome 15, paternally inherited, with features including short stature,
hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity, mild to moderate mental retardation, and
hypogonadism?
A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
B. Angelman Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Turner Syndrome
Answer: A
Rationale: Prader-Willi Syndrome results from a paternally inherited deletion on
chromosome 15q11-13. Features include hypotonia, feeding difficulties in infancy,
obesity, short stature, small hands and feet, hypogonadism, and intellectual disability. It
affects approximately 1 in 15,000 live births .
,Question 5: Which syndrome is characterized by deletion of 4 million base pairs of the
long arm of chromosome 15, maternally inherited, with features including severe mental
retardation, seizures, and an ataxic gait?
A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
B. Angelman Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Fragile X Syndrome
Answer: B
Rationale: Angelman Syndrome results from a maternally inherited deletion on
chromosome 15q11-13. Features include severe intellectual disability, seizures, ataxic
gait, and a happy demeanor with frequent laughter .
Question 6: What is the role of caretaker genes?
A. Promote cell division
B. Suppress tumor growth
C. Maintenance of genomic integrity
D. Activate apoptosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Caretaker genes are responsible for maintaining genomic integrity through
DNA repair. When mutated, they increase the risk of mutations in other genes,
potentially leading to cancer development .
Question 7: In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a:
A. Tumor suppressor gene
B. Caretaker gene
C. Proto-oncogene
D. Apoptosis gene
Answer: C
, Rationale: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth and division.
When mutated or overexpressed, they become oncogenes that promote cancer
development .
Question 8: Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?
A. The cells are undifferentiated.
B. The cells are well-differentiated.
C. The cells are highly disorganized.
D. The cells are malignant.
Answer: B
Rationale: Benign tumors are well-differentiated, localized, and do not metastasize.
They grow slowly and resemble the tissue of origin. In contrast, malignant tumors are
poorly differentiated (anaplastic) and can metastasize .
Question 9: Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to
form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Anaplasia is a hallmark of malignant cells, characterized by loss of
differentiation, disorganized appearance, and reduced ability to perform normal cellular
functions. This is a key feature distinguishing malignant from benign tumors .
Question 10: Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
A. Cells have metastasized to distant sites.
B. Cells are completely undifferentiated.
