APHY 101 Final Exam 2026/2027
Prep actual exam with correct
and Verified answers
List in order the major structural levels of organization of found in the human body. -
ANSWER-subatomic particle- protons, electrons, neutrons
atom
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. - ANSWER-anatomy- study of
structure
physiology- study of function
Define homeostasis and give an example - ANSWER--the process of maintaining a
relatively constant internal environment within an organism
ex: heart rate- increases with activity or adrenaline, decreases with rest- both are
necessary
Define homeostatic regulation - ANSWER-the adjustment of physiological systems to
preserve homeostasis
Define receptor (sensor) - ANSWER-protein that detects a signal molecule and
performs an action in response
define control center - ANSWER-processes the signal and sends instructions
Define effector - ANSWER-receives output from the control center and produces a
response
Explain how feedback relates to homeostatic regulation - ANSWER-A feedback
mechanism is a physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the
body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis
examples of positive feedback - ANSWER-childbirth and blood clotting
,examples of negative feedback - ANSWER-body temperature, blood pressure, glucose
regulation
Define Chemistry - ANSWER-the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Define matter - ANSWER-Anything that has mass and takes up space
Define element - ANSWER-type of pure substance that cannot be broken down into
simpler substances
Define atom - ANSWER-Basic unit of matter
Name the 3 subatomic particles - ANSWER-protons, neutrons, electrons
Where are the subatomic particles located? - ANSWER-The protons and neutrons are
found inside the nucleus, and the electrons are found on the valence shells
What is a molecule? - ANSWER-A group of atoms bonded together
ionic bonds vs covalent bonds - ANSWER-ionic bonds transfer electrons and covalent
bonds share electrons
Describe a compound - ANSWER-A compound contains two or more different elements
in a fixed ratio.
What is an ion? - ANSWER-A charged atom
What is an anion? - ANSWER-A negatively charged ion
What is a cation? - ANSWER-A positively charged ion
loss of an electron - ANSWER-cation (positively charged)
What is an enzyme? - ANSWER-a substance produced by a living organism that acts
as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? - ANSWER-by lowering the activation
energy
examples of inorganic compounds - ANSWER-water, salts, acids, bases
Acid vs. Base - ANSWER-Acid- pH > 7
Base pH < 7
A solution is neutral when - ANSWER-[H+] = [OH-]
, What does the pH scale measure? - ANSWER-concentration of hydrogen ions
pH scale ranges from - ANSWER-0-14, 7 being neutral
What are buffers? - ANSWER-weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or
bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
Define electrolytes - ANSWER-Substances that release ions in water
Define salts - ANSWER-Salts are ionic compounds and contain at least one cation and
one anion. In water, salts can seperate into their component ions.
organic vs inorganic compounds - ANSWER-inorganic compounds-do not contain
carbon
organic compounds-do contain carbon
What is a carbohydrate? - ANSWER-compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
Roles of carbohydrates in the body - ANSWER-Fuel for the brain
Provide fiber for regular elimination
Help fight infections
Lubricate joints
Define monosaccharide - ANSWER-single sugar molecule
Define disaccharide's - ANSWER-~ A molecule that is made up of two
monosaccharides
Define polysaccharide - ANSWER-many sugars
Define lipids - ANSWER-fats and oils
Define fatty acid - ANSWER-The most basic unit of lipids, composed of triglycerides and
phospholipids
Define phospholipids - ANSWER-these are lipids that contain a phosphate group that
contains both phosphorous and nitrogen.
Define cholesterol - ANSWER-a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all cells of the
body
What are the roles of lipids? - ANSWER-1. source of energy
2. waterproofing
3. insulation
4. protection
Prep actual exam with correct
and Verified answers
List in order the major structural levels of organization of found in the human body. -
ANSWER-subatomic particle- protons, electrons, neutrons
atom
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. - ANSWER-anatomy- study of
structure
physiology- study of function
Define homeostasis and give an example - ANSWER--the process of maintaining a
relatively constant internal environment within an organism
ex: heart rate- increases with activity or adrenaline, decreases with rest- both are
necessary
Define homeostatic regulation - ANSWER-the adjustment of physiological systems to
preserve homeostasis
Define receptor (sensor) - ANSWER-protein that detects a signal molecule and
performs an action in response
define control center - ANSWER-processes the signal and sends instructions
Define effector - ANSWER-receives output from the control center and produces a
response
Explain how feedback relates to homeostatic regulation - ANSWER-A feedback
mechanism is a physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the
body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis
examples of positive feedback - ANSWER-childbirth and blood clotting
,examples of negative feedback - ANSWER-body temperature, blood pressure, glucose
regulation
Define Chemistry - ANSWER-the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Define matter - ANSWER-Anything that has mass and takes up space
Define element - ANSWER-type of pure substance that cannot be broken down into
simpler substances
Define atom - ANSWER-Basic unit of matter
Name the 3 subatomic particles - ANSWER-protons, neutrons, electrons
Where are the subatomic particles located? - ANSWER-The protons and neutrons are
found inside the nucleus, and the electrons are found on the valence shells
What is a molecule? - ANSWER-A group of atoms bonded together
ionic bonds vs covalent bonds - ANSWER-ionic bonds transfer electrons and covalent
bonds share electrons
Describe a compound - ANSWER-A compound contains two or more different elements
in a fixed ratio.
What is an ion? - ANSWER-A charged atom
What is an anion? - ANSWER-A negatively charged ion
What is a cation? - ANSWER-A positively charged ion
loss of an electron - ANSWER-cation (positively charged)
What is an enzyme? - ANSWER-a substance produced by a living organism that acts
as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? - ANSWER-by lowering the activation
energy
examples of inorganic compounds - ANSWER-water, salts, acids, bases
Acid vs. Base - ANSWER-Acid- pH > 7
Base pH < 7
A solution is neutral when - ANSWER-[H+] = [OH-]
, What does the pH scale measure? - ANSWER-concentration of hydrogen ions
pH scale ranges from - ANSWER-0-14, 7 being neutral
What are buffers? - ANSWER-weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or
bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
Define electrolytes - ANSWER-Substances that release ions in water
Define salts - ANSWER-Salts are ionic compounds and contain at least one cation and
one anion. In water, salts can seperate into their component ions.
organic vs inorganic compounds - ANSWER-inorganic compounds-do not contain
carbon
organic compounds-do contain carbon
What is a carbohydrate? - ANSWER-compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
Roles of carbohydrates in the body - ANSWER-Fuel for the brain
Provide fiber for regular elimination
Help fight infections
Lubricate joints
Define monosaccharide - ANSWER-single sugar molecule
Define disaccharide's - ANSWER-~ A molecule that is made up of two
monosaccharides
Define polysaccharide - ANSWER-many sugars
Define lipids - ANSWER-fats and oils
Define fatty acid - ANSWER-The most basic unit of lipids, composed of triglycerides and
phospholipids
Define phospholipids - ANSWER-these are lipids that contain a phosphate group that
contains both phosphorous and nitrogen.
Define cholesterol - ANSWER-a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all cells of the
body
What are the roles of lipids? - ANSWER-1. source of energy
2. waterproofing
3. insulation
4. protection
