APHY 101 Final Exam 2026/2027
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What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - ANSWER-Anatomy is the
study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of
body parts
What are the levels of organization? - ANSWER-subatomic particles, atom, molecule,
macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the requirements of life? - ANSWER-Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
What are the characteristics of life? - ANSWER-Movement (internal or gross);
Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size
without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use
of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of
substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body
fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion
(removal of metabolic wastes)
Define homeostasis - ANSWER-Body's maintenance of a stable environment
What is a homeostatic mechanism? - ANSWER-the body maintains homeostasis
through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body
temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure
Define matter - ANSWER-Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is
composed of elements.
Define element - ANSWER-fundamental substance composed of chemically identical
atoms
Define atoms - ANSWER-smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter
What is the structure of an atom? - ANSWER-An atom consists of a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons, with electrons in
orbit around the nucleus.
,Atomic nucleus - ANSWER-the nucleus contains protons and neutrons
Proton - ANSWER-subatomic particle that has a positive charge
Neutron - ANSWER-subatomic particle that has no charge
Electron - ANSWER-subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Atomic number - ANSWER-number or protons in nucleus
Atomic mass - ANSWER-number of protons plus number of neutrons
What are covalent bonds? - ANSWER-Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share
electrons to become stable with filled
outer shells
What are ionic bonds? - ANSWER-2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when
electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom
What are hydrogen bonds? - ANSWER-Weak attraction between positive end of one
polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed between water
molecules
Define ion - ANSWER-When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.
Define synthesis reaction - ANSWER-Two or more atoms or molecules are joined
together
Define decomposition reaction - ANSWER-Larger molecules are broken down into
smaller ones
Define exchange reaction - ANSWER-Parts of molecules trade places
Define reactant - ANSWER-The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or
molecules
Define product - ANSWER-Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
Define catalyst - ANSWER-influence the rates of chemical reactions
What is an acid? - ANSWER-Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
What is a base? - ANSWER-Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen
ions in water
What is a salt? - ANSWER-Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes
, What is a pH scale? - ANSWER-represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in
solution
Neutral solution - ANSWER-pH 7;
indicates equal concentrations of H+
and OH-
Acidic solution - ANSWER-pH less than
7; indicates a greater concentration of H+
Basic solution - ANSWER-pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-
What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? -
ANSWER-organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not
What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? - ANSWER-Dehydration reactions link
monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers
into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and
polymers are chains of monomers.
What are carbohydrates? - ANSWER-Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular
activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What are lipids? - ANSWER-Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids
are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
What are proteins? - ANSWER-Provide structure; energy sources; chemical
messengers
Play vital role in metabolism
bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds
What are nucleic acids? - ANSWER-Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples
are RNA and DNA.
Fats (triglycerides) - ANSWER-Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the
body
Can supply more energy than carbohydrates
Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6)
Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
exam update with verified
solutions|Ready to prepare you in
your exams
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - ANSWER-Anatomy is the
study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of
body parts
What are the levels of organization? - ANSWER-subatomic particles, atom, molecule,
macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the requirements of life? - ANSWER-Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
What are the characteristics of life? - ANSWER-Movement (internal or gross);
Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size
without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use
of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of
substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body
fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion
(removal of metabolic wastes)
Define homeostasis - ANSWER-Body's maintenance of a stable environment
What is a homeostatic mechanism? - ANSWER-the body maintains homeostasis
through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body
temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure
Define matter - ANSWER-Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is
composed of elements.
Define element - ANSWER-fundamental substance composed of chemically identical
atoms
Define atoms - ANSWER-smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter
What is the structure of an atom? - ANSWER-An atom consists of a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons, with electrons in
orbit around the nucleus.
,Atomic nucleus - ANSWER-the nucleus contains protons and neutrons
Proton - ANSWER-subatomic particle that has a positive charge
Neutron - ANSWER-subatomic particle that has no charge
Electron - ANSWER-subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Atomic number - ANSWER-number or protons in nucleus
Atomic mass - ANSWER-number of protons plus number of neutrons
What are covalent bonds? - ANSWER-Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share
electrons to become stable with filled
outer shells
What are ionic bonds? - ANSWER-2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when
electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom
What are hydrogen bonds? - ANSWER-Weak attraction between positive end of one
polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed between water
molecules
Define ion - ANSWER-When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.
Define synthesis reaction - ANSWER-Two or more atoms or molecules are joined
together
Define decomposition reaction - ANSWER-Larger molecules are broken down into
smaller ones
Define exchange reaction - ANSWER-Parts of molecules trade places
Define reactant - ANSWER-The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or
molecules
Define product - ANSWER-Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
Define catalyst - ANSWER-influence the rates of chemical reactions
What is an acid? - ANSWER-Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
What is a base? - ANSWER-Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen
ions in water
What is a salt? - ANSWER-Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes
, What is a pH scale? - ANSWER-represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in
solution
Neutral solution - ANSWER-pH 7;
indicates equal concentrations of H+
and OH-
Acidic solution - ANSWER-pH less than
7; indicates a greater concentration of H+
Basic solution - ANSWER-pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-
What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? -
ANSWER-organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not
What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? - ANSWER-Dehydration reactions link
monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers
into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and
polymers are chains of monomers.
What are carbohydrates? - ANSWER-Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular
activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What are lipids? - ANSWER-Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids
are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
What are proteins? - ANSWER-Provide structure; energy sources; chemical
messengers
Play vital role in metabolism
bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds
What are nucleic acids? - ANSWER-Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples
are RNA and DNA.
Fats (triglycerides) - ANSWER-Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the
body
Can supply more energy than carbohydrates
Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6)
Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
