Anatomy and Physiology 102 Final Exam
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - correct answer✔ ✔
Hypothalamus - sends messages to release hormones
What is a hormone and how does it act? - correct answer✔ ✔ A
hormone is a secreted substance into the internal environment - to
stimulate specific cells into action.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - correct answer✔ ✔
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells to the
pancreas, that RAISES the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
Effect is opposite for insulin, which lowers the concentration of glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - correct answer✔ ✔
A pheromone is a secreted chemical factor that triggers a social
response in members of the same species - attracting others.
Is a type of hormone.
,How is inhibin used in the body? - correct answer✔ ✔ One of two
hormones produced by the gonads and inhibit the production of Follicle
- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine
glands. - correct answer✔ ✔ Paracrine Glands - Products act on the
target cells by diffusion of their material into the extracellular space.
Autocrine Glands - Secretions act on gland, itself.
Endocrine Glands - Secrete their products, hormones, directly into the
bloodstream.
Exocrine Glands - Secrete their material into ducts.
How is diabetes insipitus different than diabetes mellitus? - correct
answer✔ ✔ Diabetes Insipitus - Disease where kidneys are unable to
conserve water. Rare disease.
Diabetes Mellitus - Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood.
Very common.
,Steroid Hormones. - correct answer✔ ✔ Steroid that acts as a
hormone.
Can be grouped into five groups by the receptor to which they bind:
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and
progestogens.
Tropic Hormones. - correct answer✔ ✔ Hormones that have other
endocrine glands as their target.
Most are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Describe normal blood: Number of each cell type, pH. - correct answer
✔ ✔ pH Range: 7.35 - 7.45.
Red blood cell count: 4,000,000 to 6,000,000
White blood cell count: 3,500 to 10,500.
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? -
correct answer✔ ✔ Can cause problems if female is Rh Negative and
the fetus is Rh Positive. Some positive cells may enter maternal blood at
birth and stimulate maternal tissues to produce anti-Rh antibodies.
, Anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood can cross the placental membrane
and react with the red blood cells of an Rh-Positive fetus.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in
the plasma? How do these create different blood types? - correct answer
✔ ✔ Type A blood - A antigen and antibody Anti-B.
Type B blood - B antigen and antibody Anti-A.
Type AB blood - A and B antigens and no antibodies.
Type O blood - no antigens and antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B.
AB is universal receiver and O is universal donor.
Different leukocytes and their origins. - correct answer✔ ✔ All
develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - correct answer✔ ✔
Hypothalamus - sends messages to release hormones
What is a hormone and how does it act? - correct answer✔ ✔ A
hormone is a secreted substance into the internal environment - to
stimulate specific cells into action.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - correct answer✔ ✔
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells to the
pancreas, that RAISES the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
Effect is opposite for insulin, which lowers the concentration of glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - correct answer✔ ✔
A pheromone is a secreted chemical factor that triggers a social
response in members of the same species - attracting others.
Is a type of hormone.
,How is inhibin used in the body? - correct answer✔ ✔ One of two
hormones produced by the gonads and inhibit the production of Follicle
- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine
glands. - correct answer✔ ✔ Paracrine Glands - Products act on the
target cells by diffusion of their material into the extracellular space.
Autocrine Glands - Secretions act on gland, itself.
Endocrine Glands - Secrete their products, hormones, directly into the
bloodstream.
Exocrine Glands - Secrete their material into ducts.
How is diabetes insipitus different than diabetes mellitus? - correct
answer✔ ✔ Diabetes Insipitus - Disease where kidneys are unable to
conserve water. Rare disease.
Diabetes Mellitus - Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood.
Very common.
,Steroid Hormones. - correct answer✔ ✔ Steroid that acts as a
hormone.
Can be grouped into five groups by the receptor to which they bind:
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and
progestogens.
Tropic Hormones. - correct answer✔ ✔ Hormones that have other
endocrine glands as their target.
Most are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Describe normal blood: Number of each cell type, pH. - correct answer
✔ ✔ pH Range: 7.35 - 7.45.
Red blood cell count: 4,000,000 to 6,000,000
White blood cell count: 3,500 to 10,500.
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? -
correct answer✔ ✔ Can cause problems if female is Rh Negative and
the fetus is Rh Positive. Some positive cells may enter maternal blood at
birth and stimulate maternal tissues to produce anti-Rh antibodies.
, Anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood can cross the placental membrane
and react with the red blood cells of an Rh-Positive fetus.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in
the plasma? How do these create different blood types? - correct answer
✔ ✔ Type A blood - A antigen and antibody Anti-B.
Type B blood - B antigen and antibody Anti-A.
Type AB blood - A and B antigens and no antibodies.
Type O blood - no antigens and antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B.
AB is universal receiver and O is universal donor.
Different leukocytes and their origins. - correct answer✔ ✔ All
develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
