NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which process describes the replacement of one mature cell type by another, less mature
cell type in response to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as an adaptation to chronic irritation or inflammation.
2. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in reperfusion injury?
A. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
B. Inhibition of glycolysis
C. Decreased intracellular calcium
D. Reduced lysosomal membrane permeability
,Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury is primarily caused by the sudden
restoration of oxygen, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that damage
cell membranes.
3. A patient is diagnosed with Turner Syndrome. What is the chromosomal abnormality
associated with this condition?
A. Trisomy 21
B. 47, XXY
C. Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5
D. 45, X
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Turner Syndrome is characterized by a complete or partial
absence of one X chromosome (45, X) in females.
4. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by immune complexes such as those
seen in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
, Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves the deposition of antigen-
antibody (immune) complexes in tissues, which triggers complement activation and
inflammation.
5. In the inflammatory response, which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for
inducing pain?
A. Bradykinin
B. Leukotrienes
C. Histamine
D. Nitric oxide
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Bradykinin, along with prostaglandins, is a primary mediator of
the pain response during inflammation by stimulating nerve endings.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is a hallmark of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic
Hormone (SIADH)?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which process describes the replacement of one mature cell type by another, less mature
cell type in response to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as an adaptation to chronic irritation or inflammation.
2. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in reperfusion injury?
A. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
B. Inhibition of glycolysis
C. Decreased intracellular calcium
D. Reduced lysosomal membrane permeability
,Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury is primarily caused by the sudden
restoration of oxygen, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that damage
cell membranes.
3. A patient is diagnosed with Turner Syndrome. What is the chromosomal abnormality
associated with this condition?
A. Trisomy 21
B. 47, XXY
C. Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5
D. 45, X
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Turner Syndrome is characterized by a complete or partial
absence of one X chromosome (45, X) in females.
4. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by immune complexes such as those
seen in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
, Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves the deposition of antigen-
antibody (immune) complexes in tissues, which triggers complement activation and
inflammation.
5. In the inflammatory response, which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for
inducing pain?
A. Bradykinin
B. Leukotrienes
C. Histamine
D. Nitric oxide
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Bradykinin, along with prostaglandins, is a primary mediator of
the pain response during inflammation by stimulating nerve endings.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is a hallmark of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic
Hormone (SIADH)?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
