1
What is the primary action of the adductor magnus?
1) Hip adduction and extension
2) Hip abduction and flexion
3) Hip medial rotation and flexion
4) Hip lateral rotation and abduction
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle in the medial thigh. It has two
parts: the adductor portion (originating from the pubis) and the hamstring portion
(originating from the ischium). The adductor portion primarily performs hip adduction,
while the hamstring portion assists in hip extension. This muscle is a powerful stabilizer of
the hip joint during weight-bearing activities.
2
What is the action of the sartorius muscle?
1) Hip flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation; knee flexion
2) Hip extension, adduction, and medial rotation; knee extension
3) Hip flexion, adduction, and medial rotation; knee flexion
4) Hip extension, abduction, and lateral rotation; knee extension
Correct Answer: 1
SCHOLARSOURCE 1
,Rationale: The sartorius is the longest muscle in the body, originating from the anterior
superior iliac spine (ASIS) and inserting onto the medial tibia (pes anserinus). It is a
biarticular muscle that flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip, and also flexes the
knee. Its actions are important for crossing the legs and maintaining sitting postures, and it
is often referred to as the "tailor's muscle."
3
What is the action of the gluteus medius?
1) Hip abduction and medial rotation
2) Hip adduction and lateral rotation
3) Hip flexion and medial rotation
4) Hip extension and lateral rotation
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The gluteus medius originates from the outer surface of the ilium and inserts
onto the greater trochanter of the femur. Its primary function is hip abduction, with the
anterior fibers assisting in medial (internal) rotation. This muscle is critical for pelvic
stabilization during the stance phase of gait, preventing pelvic drop on the contralateral
side (Trendelenburg sign).
4
What is the action of the erector spinae?
1) Extension of vertebral column in lower thoracic area and draws the ribs downward
2) Flexion of vertebral column
3) Rotation of vertebral column
4) Lateral flexion of vertebral column
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The erector spinae is a large group of muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, and
spinalis) that runs longitudinally along the vertebral column. Its primary action is bilateral
extension of the spine, particularly in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions. The muscle
SCHOLARSOURCE 2
,group also assists in drawing the ribs downward during forced expiration and provides
postural support to maintain an upright position against gravity.
5
What is the action of the gastrocnemius?
1) Knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion
2) Knee extension, ankle plantar flexion
3) Knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion
4) Knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The gastrocnemius is a biarticular muscle originating from the medial and
lateral femoral condyles and inserting into the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon. It acts to
flex the knee joint and plantar flex the ankle joint. This muscle is most effective during
running, jumping, and walking, and is often targeted in rehabilitation for Achilles
tendinopathy.
6
What is the action of the soleus?
1) Plantar flexion
2) Dorsiflexion
3) Inversion
4) Eversion
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The soleus originates from the posterior surface of the tibia and fibula and
inserts into the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon. Unlike the gastrocnemius, it is a
uniarticular muscle that crosses only the ankle joint. Its primary action is plantar flexion of
the foot. The soleus is particularly important for maintaining posture during standing and
is highly active during walking and running at slower speeds.
7
SCHOLARSOURCE 3
, What is the action of the tibialis anterior?
1) Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
2) Plantar flexes and exerts foot
3) Dorsiflexes and exerts foot
4) Plantar flexes and inverts foot
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The tibialis anterior originates from the lateral tibia and interosseous membrane
and inserts onto the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal. It is the primary
dorsiflexor of the foot and also assists in inversion (supination) of the foot. This muscle is
crucial during the swing phase of gait to clear the foot from the ground and prevent foot
drop.
8
What is the action of the tibialis posterior?
1) Plantarflexion and inversion
2) Dorsiflexion and inversion
3) Plantarflexion and eversion
4) Dorsiflexion and eversion
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The tibialis posterior originates from the posterior tibia, fibula, and interosseous
membrane and inserts onto the navicular, cuneiforms, and bases of metatarsals 2-4. It is a
primary stabilizer of the medial longitudinal arch and acts to plantar flex and invert the
foot. Dysfunction of this muscle is commonly associated with posterior tibial tendon
dysfunction (PTTD) and flatfoot deformities.
9
What is the action of peroneus longus (fibularis longus)?
1) Plantar flexion and eversion and depresses the head of the 1st metatarsal
2) Dorsiflexion and inversion and elevates the head of the 1st metatarsal
SCHOLARSOURCE 4
What is the primary action of the adductor magnus?
1) Hip adduction and extension
2) Hip abduction and flexion
3) Hip medial rotation and flexion
4) Hip lateral rotation and abduction
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle in the medial thigh. It has two
parts: the adductor portion (originating from the pubis) and the hamstring portion
(originating from the ischium). The adductor portion primarily performs hip adduction,
while the hamstring portion assists in hip extension. This muscle is a powerful stabilizer of
the hip joint during weight-bearing activities.
2
What is the action of the sartorius muscle?
1) Hip flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation; knee flexion
2) Hip extension, adduction, and medial rotation; knee extension
3) Hip flexion, adduction, and medial rotation; knee flexion
4) Hip extension, abduction, and lateral rotation; knee extension
Correct Answer: 1
SCHOLARSOURCE 1
,Rationale: The sartorius is the longest muscle in the body, originating from the anterior
superior iliac spine (ASIS) and inserting onto the medial tibia (pes anserinus). It is a
biarticular muscle that flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip, and also flexes the
knee. Its actions are important for crossing the legs and maintaining sitting postures, and it
is often referred to as the "tailor's muscle."
3
What is the action of the gluteus medius?
1) Hip abduction and medial rotation
2) Hip adduction and lateral rotation
3) Hip flexion and medial rotation
4) Hip extension and lateral rotation
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The gluteus medius originates from the outer surface of the ilium and inserts
onto the greater trochanter of the femur. Its primary function is hip abduction, with the
anterior fibers assisting in medial (internal) rotation. This muscle is critical for pelvic
stabilization during the stance phase of gait, preventing pelvic drop on the contralateral
side (Trendelenburg sign).
4
What is the action of the erector spinae?
1) Extension of vertebral column in lower thoracic area and draws the ribs downward
2) Flexion of vertebral column
3) Rotation of vertebral column
4) Lateral flexion of vertebral column
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The erector spinae is a large group of muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, and
spinalis) that runs longitudinally along the vertebral column. Its primary action is bilateral
extension of the spine, particularly in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions. The muscle
SCHOLARSOURCE 2
,group also assists in drawing the ribs downward during forced expiration and provides
postural support to maintain an upright position against gravity.
5
What is the action of the gastrocnemius?
1) Knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion
2) Knee extension, ankle plantar flexion
3) Knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion
4) Knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The gastrocnemius is a biarticular muscle originating from the medial and
lateral femoral condyles and inserting into the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon. It acts to
flex the knee joint and plantar flex the ankle joint. This muscle is most effective during
running, jumping, and walking, and is often targeted in rehabilitation for Achilles
tendinopathy.
6
What is the action of the soleus?
1) Plantar flexion
2) Dorsiflexion
3) Inversion
4) Eversion
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The soleus originates from the posterior surface of the tibia and fibula and
inserts into the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon. Unlike the gastrocnemius, it is a
uniarticular muscle that crosses only the ankle joint. Its primary action is plantar flexion of
the foot. The soleus is particularly important for maintaining posture during standing and
is highly active during walking and running at slower speeds.
7
SCHOLARSOURCE 3
, What is the action of the tibialis anterior?
1) Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
2) Plantar flexes and exerts foot
3) Dorsiflexes and exerts foot
4) Plantar flexes and inverts foot
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The tibialis anterior originates from the lateral tibia and interosseous membrane
and inserts onto the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal. It is the primary
dorsiflexor of the foot and also assists in inversion (supination) of the foot. This muscle is
crucial during the swing phase of gait to clear the foot from the ground and prevent foot
drop.
8
What is the action of the tibialis posterior?
1) Plantarflexion and inversion
2) Dorsiflexion and inversion
3) Plantarflexion and eversion
4) Dorsiflexion and eversion
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: The tibialis posterior originates from the posterior tibia, fibula, and interosseous
membrane and inserts onto the navicular, cuneiforms, and bases of metatarsals 2-4. It is a
primary stabilizer of the medial longitudinal arch and acts to plantar flex and invert the
foot. Dysfunction of this muscle is commonly associated with posterior tibial tendon
dysfunction (PTTD) and flatfoot deformities.
9
What is the action of peroneus longus (fibularis longus)?
1) Plantar flexion and eversion and depresses the head of the 1st metatarsal
2) Dorsiflexion and inversion and elevates the head of the 1st metatarsal
SCHOLARSOURCE 4
