STATISTICS PORTAGE CNSL 503 1
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Use median for....
Answer: skewed data
◍ convenience sampling.
Answer: selecting a sample that is convenient and easy to access
◍ measures of central tendency.
Answer: mean, median, mode
◍ sample standard deviation.
Answer: the average deviation between each score and the mean
◍ What are the types of measurement scales?.
Answer: NOIRnominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
◍ experiment.
Answer: a specific research methodology; aimed at examining cause-effect
relationship
◍ formula for sample variance.
Answer: s^2 = SS/n-1 or s^2= Σ(X-x̅)^2/n-1
◍ Problems with Hypothesis Testing.
Answer: 1. Conventional levels of alpha (.05, .01, or .001) are arbitraryWe
just somehow decided, but probabilities exist on a continuum2. A larger
sample size is more likely to achieve statistical significance than a smaller
sample sizeStatistical significance does not always have meaningful
, significanceEven small effects can be statistically significant with a large
enough sample size3 There is too much reliance on the p-value as the sole
measure upon which conclusions are madeConclusions should also be
drawn on past evidence, validity of assumptions made and so forth4 People
(including researchers!) misinterpret the p-value and the results of
hypothesis testing5 There is a bias towards publishing statistically
significant results over non-significant resultsThis leads to an incomplete
and biased picture of the findings
◍ What is the hypothesis for a paired samples t-test based off of?.
Answer: The hypothesis for a paired samples t-test are based upon the
differences between related scores of a single population rather than the
difference in raw scores from 2 unrelated populations.
◍ Given the sample statistics: n =11, xbar=107.1818, and s =10.3133.
Compare the critical t value for a one-tailed test and a two-tailed test with
α=0.05. Why is there a difference?.
Answer: In a two-tailed test, the 0.05 is split between the two tails rather
than being concentrated on either the left or right side of the distribution.
Therefore, the corresponding critical value would change. Specifically, the
critical value for a two-tailed test (α=0.05) would be ±2.228 and the critical t
value for a one-tailed test is ±1.812.
◍ The leaf consists of....
Answer: he last digit of the score
◍ Why is a pooled variance important when sample sizes differ?.
Answer: The larger sample may provide more accurate estimation of
variance and can lead to bias.
◍ formula dor sample standard deviation.
Answer: square root[Σ(X-x̅)^2/n-1]
◍ df for each sample.
Answer: n-1
◍ Qualitative variables are measured by.
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Use median for....
Answer: skewed data
◍ convenience sampling.
Answer: selecting a sample that is convenient and easy to access
◍ measures of central tendency.
Answer: mean, median, mode
◍ sample standard deviation.
Answer: the average deviation between each score and the mean
◍ What are the types of measurement scales?.
Answer: NOIRnominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
◍ experiment.
Answer: a specific research methodology; aimed at examining cause-effect
relationship
◍ formula for sample variance.
Answer: s^2 = SS/n-1 or s^2= Σ(X-x̅)^2/n-1
◍ Problems with Hypothesis Testing.
Answer: 1. Conventional levels of alpha (.05, .01, or .001) are arbitraryWe
just somehow decided, but probabilities exist on a continuum2. A larger
sample size is more likely to achieve statistical significance than a smaller
sample sizeStatistical significance does not always have meaningful
, significanceEven small effects can be statistically significant with a large
enough sample size3 There is too much reliance on the p-value as the sole
measure upon which conclusions are madeConclusions should also be
drawn on past evidence, validity of assumptions made and so forth4 People
(including researchers!) misinterpret the p-value and the results of
hypothesis testing5 There is a bias towards publishing statistically
significant results over non-significant resultsThis leads to an incomplete
and biased picture of the findings
◍ What is the hypothesis for a paired samples t-test based off of?.
Answer: The hypothesis for a paired samples t-test are based upon the
differences between related scores of a single population rather than the
difference in raw scores from 2 unrelated populations.
◍ Given the sample statistics: n =11, xbar=107.1818, and s =10.3133.
Compare the critical t value for a one-tailed test and a two-tailed test with
α=0.05. Why is there a difference?.
Answer: In a two-tailed test, the 0.05 is split between the two tails rather
than being concentrated on either the left or right side of the distribution.
Therefore, the corresponding critical value would change. Specifically, the
critical value for a two-tailed test (α=0.05) would be ±2.228 and the critical t
value for a one-tailed test is ±1.812.
◍ The leaf consists of....
Answer: he last digit of the score
◍ Why is a pooled variance important when sample sizes differ?.
Answer: The larger sample may provide more accurate estimation of
variance and can lead to bias.
◍ formula dor sample standard deviation.
Answer: square root[Σ(X-x̅)^2/n-1]
◍ df for each sample.
Answer: n-1
◍ Qualitative variables are measured by.
