Questions and Correct
Answers | New Update
What parameters are assessed to evaluate fluid volume status? -
ANSWER ✔✔Vital signs (BP), central venous pressure (CVP),
pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), breath sounds, oxygen saturation, skin
turgor, edema, and weight.
What are the types of hemodynamic monitoring? - ANSWER
✔✔Pulmonary artery (PA) monitoring/PAWP/PAOP/LAP, Direct arterial
BP monitoring, Right arterial pressure (RAP)/CVP monitoring
Where is PAWP/LAP placed? - ANSWER ✔✔placed in the left side of
the heart and measures the left ventricular function
,What is the normal range for PAWP? - ANSWER ✔✔6-12 mmHg.
What does a high PAWP indicate? - ANSWER ✔✔Large amounts of
fluid in the lungs, like CHF
What does a low PAWP indicate? - ANSWER ✔✔Severe dehydration
What else can PAWP/LAP measure? - ANSWER ✔✔central venous
pressure (CVP)
How is direct arterial blood pressure monitored? - ANSWER
✔✔Through an arterial line (A-line), which is an angiocath in the artery
How is a right arterial pressure (RAP)/ central venous pressure (CVP)
line placed? - ANSWER ✔✔Triple lumen central line that is inserted
into either the femoral, radial, or brachial vein that travels to the right
atrium through the vena cava (superior/inferior)
How is RAP/CVP placed? - ANSWER ✔✔using an aseptic technique
that can be done bedside with consent, pt is in supine/trendelenburg
position, placement is confirmed with a chest x-ray
What is the normal range for RAP/CVP? - ANSWER ✔✔2-8 mmHg.
What can high RAP/CVP indicate? - ANSWER ✔✔Right-sided heart
failure.
,What can low RAP/CVP indicate? - ANSWER ✔✔Severe
dehydration.
What else could a high or low RAP/CVP reading indicate? -
ANSWER ✔✔wrong placement of the transducer
What are some complications of CVP monitoring? - ANSWER
✔✔Pneumothorax, infection, bleeding, thrombus, and embolism.
What is preload? - ANSWER ✔✔The volume of blood in the
ventricles at the end of diastole.
What causes increased preload? - ANSWER ✔✔Hypervolemia,
regurgitation of cardiac valves, and heart failure.
What are the manifestations and treatment for increased preload? -
ANSWER ✔✔Manifestations: high CVP/PAWP
Treatment: remove fluids, fluid restriction
What can cause decreased preload? - ANSWER ✔✔fluid volume
deficit, bleeding, diarrhea, diabetes insipidus
What are the manifestations and treatment of decreased preload? -
ANSWER ✔✔Manifestations: Low BP, dry mucous membranes, s/s of
dehydration
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, Treatment: fluids
What is afterload? - ANSWER ✔✔The resistance the left ventricle
must overcome to circulate blood.
What conditions increase afterload? - ANSWER ✔✔Hypertension,
vasoconstriction (results in high cardiac workload)
What causes increased afterload? - ANSWER ✔✔HTN,
atherosclerotic plaque buildup
What is the treatment for increased afterload? - ANSWER
✔✔Nitroglycerin
What are some causes of decreased afterload? - ANSWER ✔✔too
much nitro, anaphylaxis shock
What are the manifestations and treatment of decreased afterload? -
ANSWER ✔✔Manifestation: flushed skin
Treatment: vasoconstrictive medication (epi)
What is the formula for calculating Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)? -
ANSWER ✔✔MAP = (systolic BP + (diastolic BP x 2))/3.
What is the normal range for MAP? - ANSWER ✔✔70-100 mmHg,
with at least 65 mmHg being necessary for organ perfusion.