,PSYC101/PSYC 101 Module Exam 8 | General
Psychology | Portage Learning | Q & A | 2026 Edition
(PDF)
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the structures of personality according to Freud's psychoanalytic
theory?
A) The id
B) The ego
C) The superego
D) The collective unconscious
Correct Answer: The collective unconscious
Rationale: The collective unconscious is a concept from Carl Jung's analytical psychology, not Freud's
theory. Freud's three structures are the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle,
the ego on the reality principle, and the superego represents internalized moral standards.
2. According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principle and seeks
immediate gratification is the:
A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Id
D) Reality principle
Correct Answer: The id
Rationale: The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the personality that operates on the pleasure
principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs and desires. The ego operates on the reality
principle, and the superego represents internalized moral standards.
,3. A person who is extremely neat, orderly, and controlling may be fixated at which psychosexual stage
according to Freud?
A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Latency
Correct Answer: Anal
Rationale: According to Freud's psychosexual stages, fixation at the anal stage (which occurs during
toilet training) can result in an "anal-retentive" personality, characterized by excessive neatness,
orderliness, and control. Fixation at the oral stage can lead to dependency or aggression.
4. According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious contains:
A) Personal memories and experiences
B) Archetypes, or universal symbols and themes
C) The id, ego, and superego
D) Defense mechanisms
Correct Answer: Archetypes, or universal symbols and themes
Rationale: Jung proposed that the collective unconscious is a part of the unconscious mind shared by all
humans, containing archetypes—universal symbols and themes (e.g., the mother, the hero, the
shadow). The personal unconscious contains individual repressed memories.
5. Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to
another person?
A) Projection
B) Displacement
C) Rationalization
D) Regression
, Correct Answer: Projection
Rationale: Projection is a defense mechanism where a person attributes their own undesirable thoughts,
feelings, or motives to someone else. Displacement redirects impulses to a safer target, rationalization
creates logical excuses, and regression reverts to an earlier stage of development.
6. A person who uses the defense mechanism of rationalization might:
A) Express anger at a safe person instead of the actual source
B) Justify their own behavior by creating logical-sounding excuses
C) Refuse to acknowledge a painful reality
D) Act in a way that is the opposite of their true feelings
Correct Answer: Justify their own behavior by creating logical-sounding excuses
Rationale: Rationalization is a defense mechanism where a person creates logical-sounding excuses to
justify their behavior and avoid facing the true underlying reasons for their actions. Denial refuses to
acknowledge reality, displacement redirects impulses, and reaction formation acts opposite to true
feelings.
7. According to Alfred Adler, the primary motivation in human behavior is the:
A) Striving for superiority
B) Pleasure principle
C) Unconditional positive regard
D) Self-actualization
Correct Answer: Striving for superiority
Rationale: Adler proposed that the primary motivation in human behavior is the striving for superiority,
which arises from feelings of inferiority (the inferiority complex). This drive motivates people to
overcome their perceived weaknesses and achieve success.
Psychology | Portage Learning | Q & A | 2026 Edition
(PDF)
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the structures of personality according to Freud's psychoanalytic
theory?
A) The id
B) The ego
C) The superego
D) The collective unconscious
Correct Answer: The collective unconscious
Rationale: The collective unconscious is a concept from Carl Jung's analytical psychology, not Freud's
theory. Freud's three structures are the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle,
the ego on the reality principle, and the superego represents internalized moral standards.
2. According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principle and seeks
immediate gratification is the:
A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Id
D) Reality principle
Correct Answer: The id
Rationale: The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the personality that operates on the pleasure
principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs and desires. The ego operates on the reality
principle, and the superego represents internalized moral standards.
,3. A person who is extremely neat, orderly, and controlling may be fixated at which psychosexual stage
according to Freud?
A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Latency
Correct Answer: Anal
Rationale: According to Freud's psychosexual stages, fixation at the anal stage (which occurs during
toilet training) can result in an "anal-retentive" personality, characterized by excessive neatness,
orderliness, and control. Fixation at the oral stage can lead to dependency or aggression.
4. According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious contains:
A) Personal memories and experiences
B) Archetypes, or universal symbols and themes
C) The id, ego, and superego
D) Defense mechanisms
Correct Answer: Archetypes, or universal symbols and themes
Rationale: Jung proposed that the collective unconscious is a part of the unconscious mind shared by all
humans, containing archetypes—universal symbols and themes (e.g., the mother, the hero, the
shadow). The personal unconscious contains individual repressed memories.
5. Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to
another person?
A) Projection
B) Displacement
C) Rationalization
D) Regression
, Correct Answer: Projection
Rationale: Projection is a defense mechanism where a person attributes their own undesirable thoughts,
feelings, or motives to someone else. Displacement redirects impulses to a safer target, rationalization
creates logical excuses, and regression reverts to an earlier stage of development.
6. A person who uses the defense mechanism of rationalization might:
A) Express anger at a safe person instead of the actual source
B) Justify their own behavior by creating logical-sounding excuses
C) Refuse to acknowledge a painful reality
D) Act in a way that is the opposite of their true feelings
Correct Answer: Justify their own behavior by creating logical-sounding excuses
Rationale: Rationalization is a defense mechanism where a person creates logical-sounding excuses to
justify their behavior and avoid facing the true underlying reasons for their actions. Denial refuses to
acknowledge reality, displacement redirects impulses, and reaction formation acts opposite to true
feelings.
7. According to Alfred Adler, the primary motivation in human behavior is the:
A) Striving for superiority
B) Pleasure principle
C) Unconditional positive regard
D) Self-actualization
Correct Answer: Striving for superiority
Rationale: Adler proposed that the primary motivation in human behavior is the striving for superiority,
which arises from feelings of inferiority (the inferiority complex). This drive motivates people to
overcome their perceived weaknesses and achieve success.
