NSG 530 EXAM 1 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2025 to 2026
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 50+ PRACTICE
QUESTIONS DETAILED RATIONALES and
EXAM REVIEW
is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region
of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. -
CORRECT ANSWER-Osmosis
is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes -
CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrostatic pressure
requires metabolic energy (ATP) to move molecules against the
concentration gradient -CORRECT ANSWER-active transport
is also called facilitated diffusion. It does not require the expenditure of
metabolic energy. -CORRECT ANSWER-passive transport
The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins. Results from
the attraction of fluid by free protein. -CORRECT ANSWER-oncotic
Where do you see edema, or low albumin in these processes (what's in
play). -CORRECT ANSWER-One of the functions of albumin is to
maintain intravascular oncotic. In a healthy person with normal nutrition,
,the liver will produce additional albumin to normalize the level. Very low
levels can lead to swelling in the ankles (edema), as well as fluid
accumulating in the abdomen (ascites), and in the lungs (pulmonary
edema)
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure: results from loss or diminished
production of plasma albumin. Decreased oncotic attraction of fluid within
the capillary causes fluid to move into the interstitial space, resulting in
edema. Decreased synthesis of plasma protein and decreased oncotic
pressure may occur with liver disease or protein malnutrition.
Increased capillary permeability occurs due to burns or crushing injuries.
Edema is often very severe because of loss of proteins from the vascular
space, which decreases capillary oncotic pressure and increases interstitial
oncotic pressure.
Lymphatic obstruction: proteins and fluids are not reabsorbed and
accumulate in the interstitial space and cause lymphedema.
the concept of sodium potassium ATPase pump. -CORRECT ANSWER-
The movement of Na and K uses the direct energy of ATP. The
concentration of ATPase in the plasma membrane is directly related to Na-
K transport activity. For every ATP molecule three molecules of Na are
transported out of the cell and two of K into the cell. This process leads to
electrogenic
aldosterone -CORRECT ANSWER-: is produced as a result of the renin-
angiotensin mechanism, acts to regulate fluid volume. angiostensin II
stimulated the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, aldosterone causes the
kidney to retain sodium and water.
ADH -CORRECT ANSWER-when the hypothalamus sense low blood
volume, it signal the pituitary gland to secrete ADH into the blood, then the
kidney retain water and reduce diuresis
, How is thirst controlled? -CORRECT ANSWER-It is regulated by the
hypothalamus, stimulated by an increase in extracellular fluid and drying of
the mucous membrane
What are signs and symptoms of dehydration? -CORRECT ANSWER-
confusion, tachycardia, subnormal temperature
the concentration of sodium in the solution nearly equals the concentration
of sodium in the blood -CORRECT ANSWER-isotonic
the concentration of solutes in the solution is greater than the
concentration in the patient's blood. water is pulled out of the cell so cell
shrink. -CORRECT ANSWER-hypertonic
the concentration of sodium in the solution is less than the concentration of
sodium in the patient's blood. water is pulled into the cell and the cell burst
-CORRECT ANSWER-hypotonic
normotonic -CORRECT ANSWER-refers to the loss of a fluid roughly
equivalent to normal plasma ex. sweat
are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune
responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of
inflammation, infection and trauma. mediate and regulate immunity,
inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Cytokines are chemicals transmitted
within and between cells to control and regulate cell growth. -CORRECT
ANSWER-cytokines
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2025 to 2026
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 50+ PRACTICE
QUESTIONS DETAILED RATIONALES and
EXAM REVIEW
is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region
of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. -
CORRECT ANSWER-Osmosis
is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes -
CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrostatic pressure
requires metabolic energy (ATP) to move molecules against the
concentration gradient -CORRECT ANSWER-active transport
is also called facilitated diffusion. It does not require the expenditure of
metabolic energy. -CORRECT ANSWER-passive transport
The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins. Results from
the attraction of fluid by free protein. -CORRECT ANSWER-oncotic
Where do you see edema, or low albumin in these processes (what's in
play). -CORRECT ANSWER-One of the functions of albumin is to
maintain intravascular oncotic. In a healthy person with normal nutrition,
,the liver will produce additional albumin to normalize the level. Very low
levels can lead to swelling in the ankles (edema), as well as fluid
accumulating in the abdomen (ascites), and in the lungs (pulmonary
edema)
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure: results from loss or diminished
production of plasma albumin. Decreased oncotic attraction of fluid within
the capillary causes fluid to move into the interstitial space, resulting in
edema. Decreased synthesis of plasma protein and decreased oncotic
pressure may occur with liver disease or protein malnutrition.
Increased capillary permeability occurs due to burns or crushing injuries.
Edema is often very severe because of loss of proteins from the vascular
space, which decreases capillary oncotic pressure and increases interstitial
oncotic pressure.
Lymphatic obstruction: proteins and fluids are not reabsorbed and
accumulate in the interstitial space and cause lymphedema.
the concept of sodium potassium ATPase pump. -CORRECT ANSWER-
The movement of Na and K uses the direct energy of ATP. The
concentration of ATPase in the plasma membrane is directly related to Na-
K transport activity. For every ATP molecule three molecules of Na are
transported out of the cell and two of K into the cell. This process leads to
electrogenic
aldosterone -CORRECT ANSWER-: is produced as a result of the renin-
angiotensin mechanism, acts to regulate fluid volume. angiostensin II
stimulated the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, aldosterone causes the
kidney to retain sodium and water.
ADH -CORRECT ANSWER-when the hypothalamus sense low blood
volume, it signal the pituitary gland to secrete ADH into the blood, then the
kidney retain water and reduce diuresis
, How is thirst controlled? -CORRECT ANSWER-It is regulated by the
hypothalamus, stimulated by an increase in extracellular fluid and drying of
the mucous membrane
What are signs and symptoms of dehydration? -CORRECT ANSWER-
confusion, tachycardia, subnormal temperature
the concentration of sodium in the solution nearly equals the concentration
of sodium in the blood -CORRECT ANSWER-isotonic
the concentration of solutes in the solution is greater than the
concentration in the patient's blood. water is pulled out of the cell so cell
shrink. -CORRECT ANSWER-hypertonic
the concentration of sodium in the solution is less than the concentration of
sodium in the patient's blood. water is pulled into the cell and the cell burst
-CORRECT ANSWER-hypotonic
normotonic -CORRECT ANSWER-refers to the loss of a fluid roughly
equivalent to normal plasma ex. sweat
are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune
responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of
inflammation, infection and trauma. mediate and regulate immunity,
inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Cytokines are chemicals transmitted
within and between cells to control and regulate cell growth. -CORRECT
ANSWER-cytokines
