PLAN 246 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
ALREADY GRADED A+
Why do cities Exist? - (ANSWER)Environmental Factors= minimally hospitable environment, access to
food, water shelter
Social Factors= military reasons, transport of goods, religious, tourist
(macionis)
Urbanization Vs Growth of Cities - (ANSWER)Urbanization= increase in proportion of people living inside
cities compared to outside cities
growth of cities= increase in general population within urban boundaries
Why do cities become large? - (ANSWER)economies of agglomeration (scale economies/clusters)
(O'Sullivan)
Central Place Theory - (ANSWER)made by Christaller
explains number, size, location of development in urban areas
based on population/densities/markets
hierarchal system of cities (small, medium, large)
different scale economies relative to per capita demand
Radiocentric Cities - (ANSWER)pre-industrial
radiate from center- good for protection
Paris, Baghdad
not easy for travel pathways
Gridiron Cities - (ANSWER)after industrial revolution
boston, detroit
AUTOMOBILE DEPENDENT
influenced by railroads, industry--> for moving goods and people
,PLAN 246 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
ALREADY GRADED A+
city blocks
Ecological Theory of Human Development - (ANSWER)Robert Park
sociologist who studied race relations in cities
human ecology= based on competition, economics, competing for power and resources
city reflects economic hierarchy
good areas=wealthy people
Concentric Zone Hypothesis - (ANSWER)Burgess
Chicago
cities grow outward in concentric circles of growth over time
Sector Theory - (ANSWER)Hoyt
certain wealthy districts affect the concentric growth circles (Seattle's elite areas)
wedge shape patterns starting in Central Business District and emerging via transportation routes
division between low income and high income housing/areas
Multiple Nuclei Theory - (ANSWER)Ulman & Harris
business districts/manufacturing/annexation
unpredictable spikes in certain ares
Scale Economies - (ANSWER)cost of production decreases as total output of industry increases
volume discounts
infrastructure leads to efficiency
Localization Economies - (ANSWER)production costs of firms in a particular industry decrease as total
output increases. form because of intermediate inputs, labor-market pooling, and knowledge spillovers
,PLAN 246 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
ALREADY GRADED A+
specialized industries-dressmaking in manhattan
Urbanization Economies - (ANSWER)benefits for firms THROUGHOUT the city, not just particular
industry's firms. various firms' costs decrease as total output of urban area increase
like silicon valley
Campbell and Fainstein's Difficulties in Defining Planning - (ANSWER)1) planning is so broad and
interdisciplinary
2) the actual role of planners vs the responsibilities of other administrators is often confused
3) there is a conflict between planning based on land use patterns/the built environment and actual
decision making
4) planning is defined by a shared interest but not a set of methodologies
to memorize
Bobby's role conflicts with sharing!
Broad, Role, Conflict, Shared Interest
Klosterman's arguments for and against planning - (ANSWER)ECONOMIC
-some people think you should let market be free
-Klosterman says you must correct market failures, improve informed customer choice, positive of
negative externalities of production and consumption, distribution issues, prisoner's dilemma (self
interest vs community)
PLURALIST
-some people think you should let natural political bargaining/ competition take care of itself
-Klosterman points out that elites control actions, so you need public sector planners who can represent
low income and shared interests in long term
TRADITIONAL
, PLAN 246 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
ALREADY GRADED A+
-cons: does not help business elites, infringes on private decision making
- Klosterman says people must look at long term vision
MARXIST
-good because planners usually place capital above all else
- bad because society can't have a huge radical shift overnight
Garden City - (ANSWER)Ebenezer Howard- late 1800s
Why: overcrowding, deterioration. people stuck either on farms or in dirty cities
Goals: urban decentralization, greenbelting, planned and organized
Pros: public buildings, greenspace, art
Cons: SPRAWL, expensive, not unified communities
City Beautiful - (ANSWER)-Daniel Burnham.
-Why: pollution, congestion.
-Goals: reduce poverty, increase beauty--> monuments, skyscrapers, community building.
-Chicago 1893 White City=huge monuments.
-Pros: Creation of Mall in DC, elevator.
-Cons: beautiful cities aren't necessarily efficient.
Modernist Movement - (ANSWER)Le Corbusier
Why: didn't like industrial city-overcrowded OR traditional cities - not efficient for modern living,
Goals: skyscrapers, cars with green space, busses, trains, highways
Pros: dense
Cons: not beautiful, not unique artistry
ALREADY GRADED A+
Why do cities Exist? - (ANSWER)Environmental Factors= minimally hospitable environment, access to
food, water shelter
Social Factors= military reasons, transport of goods, religious, tourist
(macionis)
Urbanization Vs Growth of Cities - (ANSWER)Urbanization= increase in proportion of people living inside
cities compared to outside cities
growth of cities= increase in general population within urban boundaries
Why do cities become large? - (ANSWER)economies of agglomeration (scale economies/clusters)
(O'Sullivan)
Central Place Theory - (ANSWER)made by Christaller
explains number, size, location of development in urban areas
based on population/densities/markets
hierarchal system of cities (small, medium, large)
different scale economies relative to per capita demand
Radiocentric Cities - (ANSWER)pre-industrial
radiate from center- good for protection
Paris, Baghdad
not easy for travel pathways
Gridiron Cities - (ANSWER)after industrial revolution
boston, detroit
AUTOMOBILE DEPENDENT
influenced by railroads, industry--> for moving goods and people
,PLAN 246 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
ALREADY GRADED A+
city blocks
Ecological Theory of Human Development - (ANSWER)Robert Park
sociologist who studied race relations in cities
human ecology= based on competition, economics, competing for power and resources
city reflects economic hierarchy
good areas=wealthy people
Concentric Zone Hypothesis - (ANSWER)Burgess
Chicago
cities grow outward in concentric circles of growth over time
Sector Theory - (ANSWER)Hoyt
certain wealthy districts affect the concentric growth circles (Seattle's elite areas)
wedge shape patterns starting in Central Business District and emerging via transportation routes
division between low income and high income housing/areas
Multiple Nuclei Theory - (ANSWER)Ulman & Harris
business districts/manufacturing/annexation
unpredictable spikes in certain ares
Scale Economies - (ANSWER)cost of production decreases as total output of industry increases
volume discounts
infrastructure leads to efficiency
Localization Economies - (ANSWER)production costs of firms in a particular industry decrease as total
output increases. form because of intermediate inputs, labor-market pooling, and knowledge spillovers
,PLAN 246 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
ALREADY GRADED A+
specialized industries-dressmaking in manhattan
Urbanization Economies - (ANSWER)benefits for firms THROUGHOUT the city, not just particular
industry's firms. various firms' costs decrease as total output of urban area increase
like silicon valley
Campbell and Fainstein's Difficulties in Defining Planning - (ANSWER)1) planning is so broad and
interdisciplinary
2) the actual role of planners vs the responsibilities of other administrators is often confused
3) there is a conflict between planning based on land use patterns/the built environment and actual
decision making
4) planning is defined by a shared interest but not a set of methodologies
to memorize
Bobby's role conflicts with sharing!
Broad, Role, Conflict, Shared Interest
Klosterman's arguments for and against planning - (ANSWER)ECONOMIC
-some people think you should let market be free
-Klosterman says you must correct market failures, improve informed customer choice, positive of
negative externalities of production and consumption, distribution issues, prisoner's dilemma (self
interest vs community)
PLURALIST
-some people think you should let natural political bargaining/ competition take care of itself
-Klosterman points out that elites control actions, so you need public sector planners who can represent
low income and shared interests in long term
TRADITIONAL
, PLAN 246 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
ALREADY GRADED A+
-cons: does not help business elites, infringes on private decision making
- Klosterman says people must look at long term vision
MARXIST
-good because planners usually place capital above all else
- bad because society can't have a huge radical shift overnight
Garden City - (ANSWER)Ebenezer Howard- late 1800s
Why: overcrowding, deterioration. people stuck either on farms or in dirty cities
Goals: urban decentralization, greenbelting, planned and organized
Pros: public buildings, greenspace, art
Cons: SPRAWL, expensive, not unified communities
City Beautiful - (ANSWER)-Daniel Burnham.
-Why: pollution, congestion.
-Goals: reduce poverty, increase beauty--> monuments, skyscrapers, community building.
-Chicago 1893 White City=huge monuments.
-Pros: Creation of Mall in DC, elevator.
-Cons: beautiful cities aren't necessarily efficient.
Modernist Movement - (ANSWER)Le Corbusier
Why: didn't like industrial city-overcrowded OR traditional cities - not efficient for modern living,
Goals: skyscrapers, cars with green space, busses, trains, highways
Pros: dense
Cons: not beautiful, not unique artistry
