BIOD 331 Pathophysiology Module 4 Exam Review Questions and 100% Correct Answers 2026/27
Update – Portage Learning
Question 1
pts
1. What is the function of blood?
2. What are the three stages of hemostasis?
3. What is vitamin K needed to synthesize?
4. Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways:
Your Answer:
1. The function of blood is the transport of nutrients such as oxygen to cells throughout the body and the
export of wastes like CO2 out of the body.
2. The three stages of hemostasis include:
(1) vascular constriction: damaged cells constrict, and blood flow is decreased
(2) Formation of the platelet plug: sticky platelets form a plug
(3) Blood coagulation: Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin to create a clot using procoagulation factors
3. Vitamin K is needed to synthesize factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and protein C. A deficiency of
Vitamin K will result in abnormal bleeding as prothrombin can not be made.
, 4. Coagulation pathways: Intrinsic and extrinsic
Intrinsic pathway occurs in blood or vessel injury. It begins with Factor VII and is the slower pathway. It
takes 1-6 minutes to form a clot through this pathway.
The extrinsic pathway occurs in tissues and begins with thromboplastin and is the faster pathway, taking
15 seconds to form a clot.
Both of these pathways lead to the formation of Factor X, which becomes activated to convert
prothrombin to thrombin, then fibrinogen to fibrin, ultimately forming a blood clot. Both of these pathways
are necessary for the process of hemostasis.
1. Transport materials to and from the body’s cells.
2. Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation
3. Factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and protein C
4. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both form prothrombin activator. The intrinsic pathway
begins with activation of factor XII and can cause clotting in 1 to 6 minutes, considered the
slower process. The extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds and begins with the
release of tissue thromboplastin from the subendothelial cells. Both pathways converge to
activate factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen
to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both methods are needed for successful
hemostasis.
Question 2
pts
1. What are the natural and drug therapy anticoagulants?
2. What is peripheral vascular resistance?
3. Hemodynamics or blood flow is affected by what factors?
4. What is cardiac output?
Update – Portage Learning
Question 1
pts
1. What is the function of blood?
2. What are the three stages of hemostasis?
3. What is vitamin K needed to synthesize?
4. Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways:
Your Answer:
1. The function of blood is the transport of nutrients such as oxygen to cells throughout the body and the
export of wastes like CO2 out of the body.
2. The three stages of hemostasis include:
(1) vascular constriction: damaged cells constrict, and blood flow is decreased
(2) Formation of the platelet plug: sticky platelets form a plug
(3) Blood coagulation: Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin to create a clot using procoagulation factors
3. Vitamin K is needed to synthesize factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and protein C. A deficiency of
Vitamin K will result in abnormal bleeding as prothrombin can not be made.
, 4. Coagulation pathways: Intrinsic and extrinsic
Intrinsic pathway occurs in blood or vessel injury. It begins with Factor VII and is the slower pathway. It
takes 1-6 minutes to form a clot through this pathway.
The extrinsic pathway occurs in tissues and begins with thromboplastin and is the faster pathway, taking
15 seconds to form a clot.
Both of these pathways lead to the formation of Factor X, which becomes activated to convert
prothrombin to thrombin, then fibrinogen to fibrin, ultimately forming a blood clot. Both of these pathways
are necessary for the process of hemostasis.
1. Transport materials to and from the body’s cells.
2. Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation
3. Factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and protein C
4. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both form prothrombin activator. The intrinsic pathway
begins with activation of factor XII and can cause clotting in 1 to 6 minutes, considered the
slower process. The extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds and begins with the
release of tissue thromboplastin from the subendothelial cells. Both pathways converge to
activate factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen
to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both methods are needed for successful
hemostasis.
Question 2
pts
1. What are the natural and drug therapy anticoagulants?
2. What is peripheral vascular resistance?
3. Hemodynamics or blood flow is affected by what factors?
4. What is cardiac output?
