GCU PATHO FINAL BIO 322 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE.
Describe coronary artery disease, how it develops, and the pathophysiological basis of the various risk
factors that can lead to this disorder - (ANSWER)- Caused: by the narrowing of the arteries that supply
the blood to they myocardium. this could be due to plaque build up, and fatty mater
- most common is arthersclerosis.
- Risk factors: poor nutrtion/obesity, smoking, high LDL, and low HDL.
Myocardial Ischemia - (ANSWER)- the decrease in the blood supply to the heart which leds to chest pain
or angina.
- S/S: chest heaviness, possible pain in left arm, shoulder, jaw and neck, Nausea & breathlessness
Myocardial infarction - (ANSWER)AKA: heart attack IRREVERSIBLE
- progressive ischemia with damage to myocardium (myoctye necrosis)
- Cause: cardiovascular disease
- S/S: dyspnea, decrease BP (scynocpe), nausea, diaphoresis, anxiety, sudden sever chest pain that may
radiate to left arm
- Women: jaw and back bain
- Men: chest discomfort, arm pain, and SOB.
- Tests: EKG
-- STEMI- indicates transmural MI
-- NON STEMI- indicates subendocardial MI
What are the two types of myocardial infarctions - (ANSWER)1. transmural
2. subendocardial
Transmural MI - (ANSWER)thrombus remains and myocardium involved transcend to epicardium
- STEMI (ST elevation in MI)
-- Q- wave MI
,GCU PATHO FINAL BIO 322 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE.
Subendocardial MI - (ANSWER)thrombus dislodges and only myocardium directly beneath endocardium
involved.
- NON STEMI (no ST elevation in mycardial infarction)
-- non Q wave MI
Transmural Vs. Subendocardial MI - (ANSWER)
Transmural MI vs. Subendocardial EKG - (ANSWER)ALSO REVIEW SLIDE 6
Test for MI - (ANSWER)Blood tests values increased
- TROPONIN I AND T: 12 hours- 2 weeks (most specific)
- LDH: (Lactate dehydrogenase): 72hrs-10 days
-CK-MB (creatine phophonkiase- myocardial band : 10 -48 hrs
MYOGLOBIN: 2hrs- lasts 24 hrs.
* TROPONIN AND CK0MB ARE THE TWO MAIN LABS WE LOOK AT TO CONFIRM HEART ATTACK.
** review slide 22
Treatment for MI - (ANSWER)ANGIOPLASTY- with in 90 mins
- thrombolytic therapy- with in 3 hours
- cardioportection after MI
-- beta-blockers: blocks sympathetic innervation
-- ACE inhibitors
Angina Pectoris - (ANSWER)Chest pain caused by REVERSIBLE myocardial ischemia
- S/S: sudden severe chest pain last *3-5 minutes*. pressure/squeezing, fatigue, nausea, SOB.
- cause: cardiovascular disease or anemias
,GCU PATHO FINAL BIO 322 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE.
- tx: Rest, nitrates (dialte arteries and viens)
Tests for Angina pectoris - (ANSWER)-EKG- may be normal
- stress tests
- coronary ANGIOGRAPHY and cardiac catheterization
--- dye with x rays to show coronary lumen
- CBC
-- increased C REACTIVE PROTIEN (CPR) INDICATES INFLAMMATION SOMEWHERE IN THE BODY.
-- ESR- erythrocyte sedimentation rate. shows how quickly red blood cells peel and rop to the bottome
-
CABG - (ANSWER)coronary artery bypass
- graft involves bypassing major blocks in the blood vessels of the heart to improve blood flow to cardiac
muscle
Define ischemia and consequences of prolonged ischemia and how it relates to atherosclerosis (cell
death). - (ANSWER)
Normal EKG - (ANSWER)
Hypokalemia EKG - (ANSWER)
Congestive heart failure - (ANSWER)- Decreased pumping ability of the heart to meet demands of tissue
- decreased cardiac output, pooling in venous system/organs
- cause: Atherosclerosis- CAD, HTN, valvular disorders, arrhythmias, anemia, MI
- S/S: fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, orthopnea, PINK FROTHY SPUTUM, cough, edema, JVD, PULMONARY
EDEMA, HPETAOMEGALY.
, GCU PATHO FINAL BIO 322 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE.
- Testin: BNP, CXR, EKG, echocardiogram, ejection fraction
-- cardiac output= stroke volume X heart rate
Left sided heart failure - (ANSWER)- Backward
-- poor left ventricular function
-- fluid backs up into lungs
-Forward
-- poor left ventricular function
-- decreases blood flow to systemic circulation
- blood pools back into lungs
- cyanosis because O2 cant reach the rest of the body
PULMONARY EDEMA
Right sided heart failure - (ANSWER)- Backward
-- blood backs up into veins that drain blood to the right heart.
-- JUGULAR VEIN DISTENTION (VEIN BEGINS PULSING), enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), ankle edema.
High-out put heart faliure - (ANSWER)- normal heart, but the demand increases
- hyperthyroidism
-- increased metabolism results in increased SV and increase tissue demand
-- increase venous return
- the cycle continues
- BERIBERI
-- decreased thiamine
-- less ATP
-- heart and tissues not enough energy
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE.
Describe coronary artery disease, how it develops, and the pathophysiological basis of the various risk
factors that can lead to this disorder - (ANSWER)- Caused: by the narrowing of the arteries that supply
the blood to they myocardium. this could be due to plaque build up, and fatty mater
- most common is arthersclerosis.
- Risk factors: poor nutrtion/obesity, smoking, high LDL, and low HDL.
Myocardial Ischemia - (ANSWER)- the decrease in the blood supply to the heart which leds to chest pain
or angina.
- S/S: chest heaviness, possible pain in left arm, shoulder, jaw and neck, Nausea & breathlessness
Myocardial infarction - (ANSWER)AKA: heart attack IRREVERSIBLE
- progressive ischemia with damage to myocardium (myoctye necrosis)
- Cause: cardiovascular disease
- S/S: dyspnea, decrease BP (scynocpe), nausea, diaphoresis, anxiety, sudden sever chest pain that may
radiate to left arm
- Women: jaw and back bain
- Men: chest discomfort, arm pain, and SOB.
- Tests: EKG
-- STEMI- indicates transmural MI
-- NON STEMI- indicates subendocardial MI
What are the two types of myocardial infarctions - (ANSWER)1. transmural
2. subendocardial
Transmural MI - (ANSWER)thrombus remains and myocardium involved transcend to epicardium
- STEMI (ST elevation in MI)
-- Q- wave MI
,GCU PATHO FINAL BIO 322 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE.
Subendocardial MI - (ANSWER)thrombus dislodges and only myocardium directly beneath endocardium
involved.
- NON STEMI (no ST elevation in mycardial infarction)
-- non Q wave MI
Transmural Vs. Subendocardial MI - (ANSWER)
Transmural MI vs. Subendocardial EKG - (ANSWER)ALSO REVIEW SLIDE 6
Test for MI - (ANSWER)Blood tests values increased
- TROPONIN I AND T: 12 hours- 2 weeks (most specific)
- LDH: (Lactate dehydrogenase): 72hrs-10 days
-CK-MB (creatine phophonkiase- myocardial band : 10 -48 hrs
MYOGLOBIN: 2hrs- lasts 24 hrs.
* TROPONIN AND CK0MB ARE THE TWO MAIN LABS WE LOOK AT TO CONFIRM HEART ATTACK.
** review slide 22
Treatment for MI - (ANSWER)ANGIOPLASTY- with in 90 mins
- thrombolytic therapy- with in 3 hours
- cardioportection after MI
-- beta-blockers: blocks sympathetic innervation
-- ACE inhibitors
Angina Pectoris - (ANSWER)Chest pain caused by REVERSIBLE myocardial ischemia
- S/S: sudden severe chest pain last *3-5 minutes*. pressure/squeezing, fatigue, nausea, SOB.
- cause: cardiovascular disease or anemias
,GCU PATHO FINAL BIO 322 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE.
- tx: Rest, nitrates (dialte arteries and viens)
Tests for Angina pectoris - (ANSWER)-EKG- may be normal
- stress tests
- coronary ANGIOGRAPHY and cardiac catheterization
--- dye with x rays to show coronary lumen
- CBC
-- increased C REACTIVE PROTIEN (CPR) INDICATES INFLAMMATION SOMEWHERE IN THE BODY.
-- ESR- erythrocyte sedimentation rate. shows how quickly red blood cells peel and rop to the bottome
-
CABG - (ANSWER)coronary artery bypass
- graft involves bypassing major blocks in the blood vessels of the heart to improve blood flow to cardiac
muscle
Define ischemia and consequences of prolonged ischemia and how it relates to atherosclerosis (cell
death). - (ANSWER)
Normal EKG - (ANSWER)
Hypokalemia EKG - (ANSWER)
Congestive heart failure - (ANSWER)- Decreased pumping ability of the heart to meet demands of tissue
- decreased cardiac output, pooling in venous system/organs
- cause: Atherosclerosis- CAD, HTN, valvular disorders, arrhythmias, anemia, MI
- S/S: fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, orthopnea, PINK FROTHY SPUTUM, cough, edema, JVD, PULMONARY
EDEMA, HPETAOMEGALY.
, GCU PATHO FINAL BIO 322 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE.
- Testin: BNP, CXR, EKG, echocardiogram, ejection fraction
-- cardiac output= stroke volume X heart rate
Left sided heart failure - (ANSWER)- Backward
-- poor left ventricular function
-- fluid backs up into lungs
-Forward
-- poor left ventricular function
-- decreases blood flow to systemic circulation
- blood pools back into lungs
- cyanosis because O2 cant reach the rest of the body
PULMONARY EDEMA
Right sided heart failure - (ANSWER)- Backward
-- blood backs up into veins that drain blood to the right heart.
-- JUGULAR VEIN DISTENTION (VEIN BEGINS PULSING), enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), ankle edema.
High-out put heart faliure - (ANSWER)- normal heart, but the demand increases
- hyperthyroidism
-- increased metabolism results in increased SV and increase tissue demand
-- increase venous return
- the cycle continues
- BERIBERI
-- decreased thiamine
-- less ATP
-- heart and tissues not enough energy
