LifeSpan Midterm Review - Jersey College Questions and Answers

LifeSpan Midterm Review - Jersey College Questions and Answers Common chromosomal abnormalities Down's Syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner's syndrome What does Rousseau believe about children? Children come into the world as a tabula rasa- "a blank tablet" or clean slate. The field of biology that studies heredity is called Genetics What are the 3 prenatal stages? Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal What are teratogens? environmental influences or agents that can damage the embryo or fetus Examples: drugs taken by mother, and substances that the mother's body produces, such as Rh-positive antibodies Piaget's stages of cognitive development sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Examples of Social Cognition Observing others, reading, viewing characters in the media, watching parents cook, clean, or repair a broken appliance Microsystem involves the interactions of the child and other people in the immediate setting, such as the home, the school, or the peer group Macrosystem involves the interaction of children with the beliefs, values, expectations, and lifestyles of their cultural settings What did Skinner introduce? The key concept of positive and negative reinforcement in operant conditioning What is classical conditioning? is a simple from of learning in which an originally neutral stimulus comes to bring forth by a second stimulus as a result of being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus What is Vgotsky zone theory? refers to the range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled, as in an apprenticeship What are the five stages of psychosexual development? Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital What does Locke believe about behavior? That social approval and disapproval are powerful shapers of behavior. What is Rh incompatibility? Antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to a fetus or newborn infant and cause brain damage or death Where is Rh found? is a blood protein found in the red blood cells of some individuals What occurs in Meosis? Sperm and ova(egg cells) are produced Also called reduction division 46 chromosomes within the cell nucleus first line up into 23 pairs When the cell divides one member of each pair goes to each newly formed cell. What is sickle cell anemia caused by? caused by a recessive gene Who is sickle cell anemia most common in? African Americans Effects of sickle cell anemia? impair cognitive skills and academic performance Painful and swollen joints, jaundice, and potentially fatal conditions such as pneumonia, stoke, and heart and kidney failure. What is REM sleep? characterized by rapid eye movements that can be observed beneath closed lids What do scientists believe about REM sleep? suggests that the brain requires a certain amount of stimulation for the creation of proteins that are involved in the development of neurons and synapses Methods of Childbirth Anesthesia Prepared Childbirth C-Section What is the Lamaze Method? prepared childbirth women engage in breathing and relaxation exercises that lessen fear and pain and distract them from discomfort What are Braxton Hicks contractions? They are preterm or false labor contractions Serve to tone the muscles that will be used during delivery Percentage of women that experience PPD? 70% of new mothers have periods of tearfulness, sadness, and irritability, which can be referred to as "baby blues" What causes PPD? Hormonal changes that accompany pregnancy and follow delivery Name the tests done on newborns? Apgar Scale-based on 5 signs of health; apperance, pulse, grimace, activity level, and respiratory effort. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale-measures neonates reflexes and other behavior patterns What are reflexes? simple, automatic, stereotypical responses that are elicited by certain types of stimulation Rooting Reflex the baby turns the head and mouth toward a stimulus that strokes the cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth Moro Reflex the back arches and the legs and arms are flung out and then brought back toward the chest, with the arms in a hugging motion Grasping Reflex Also called the Palmer Reflex use four fingers only (thumbs not included) Stepping Reflex reflex that mimics walking Babinski reflex neonate fans or spreads the toes in response to stroking of the underside of the foot from heel to toe Stages of Childbirth 1. Dilation and effacement of the cervix 2. Delivery of the baby 3. Delivery of the placenta Statistics about SIDS infants die each year due to SIDS Most common cause of death during the first year Occurs most commonly 2-5 months of age Vision in Newborns -nearsighted -no peripheral vision -perception of color is unclear -barely have visual accommodation Hearing In Newborns fetus responds to sound months before they are born Smell in Newborns can discriminate distinct odors, such as onions Show rapid breathing patterns and increased bodily movement in response to powerful odors Taste in Newborns Sweet solutions have a calming effect on neonates Cephalocaudal Development Development that occurs from the top of the head down to the extremities. Proximodistal Development growth and development proceed from the center of the body outward What is failure to thrive? a serious disorder that impairs growth in infancy and early childhoods What is myelin for? the high fat content of the myelin sheath insulates the neuron from electrically charged atoms in the fluids that encase the nervous system Health benefits of breast feeding reduces the risk of early breast cancer & ovarian cancer builds the strength of the bones shrinks the uterus after delivery Bottle Feeding -formula should be iron-fortified -necessary for women with infectious illnesses -does not reduce emotional bonding between mother and baby Hearing in Newborns the accuracy of sound-localizing ability approaches that of adults Infants can discriminate the sounds of their parents voice by 3 1/2 months of age Ulnar Grasp grasping objects between the fingers and the palm Pincer Grasp grasping objects between the fingers and the thumb First vocalization humans make? Prelinguistic Vocalizations- cooing and babbling (Do not represent objects or actions- not a primitive form of language) Object Permanence recognition that objects continue to exist when they are not in view Sensorimotor Stage 1. Simple Reflexes 2. Primary Circular Reactions 3. Secondary Circular Reactions 4. Coordination of secondary schemes 5. Tertiary circular reactions 6. Invention of new means through mental combinations Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities Mirror Neurons activated when the individual performs a motor act or observes another individual engaging in the same act Age of Mirror Neurons Present at birth What is the Bayley Scales of Infant Development? assesses gross motor skills, such as standing, walking, and climbing, and fine motor skills, as shown by the ability to manipulate the hands and fingers What is Intonation the use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning What is echolalia? the automatic repetition of sounds or words Stages of Attachment - Initial preattachment phase 0-3 mo - Attachment in the making phase 3-4 mo - Clear cut attachment phase 6-7 mo Autism a disorder characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, preservation of sameness, and ritualistic behavior Initial Preattachment Phase characterized by indiscriminate attachment (attachment towards any person) Attachment-In-the-Making Second phase of attachment, characterized by preference for familiar figures Clear-Cut-Attachment Phase intensified dependence on primary caregiver Symbolic Play play in which children make believe that objects and toys are other than what they are Also called "pretend play" Rough and tumble Play Helps develop physical and social skills Most successful Children's educational TV program Sesame Street Causes of death in US of children Diarrhea kills nearly 2 million children under the age of 5 each year Most common cause of death in early childhood is motor vehicle accidents Authoritative Parenting a child rearing style in which parents are restrictive and and demanding yet communicative and warm Authoritarian Parenting a child rearing style in which parents demand submission and obedience Have strict guidelines for right and wrong and demand that their children accept them without question Aggression in Preschoolers tend to use aggression to obtain the toys and situations they wants, such as a favored seat at the table or in the car When does number of fears seem to peak? 2 1/2 and 4 years Most common fear of Pre-schoolers animals, imaginary creatures, the dark, and personal danger Lawrence Kohlberg cognitive-developmental view of gender typing Children form concepts about gender and then fit their behavior to the concepts Three concepts of Gender Typing 1. Gender Identity 2. Gender Stability 3. Gender Constancy Gender Identity knowledge that one is female or male Gender Stability the concept that one's gender is unchanging Gender Constancy the concept that one's gender remains the same despite changes in appearance or behavior Metacognition awareness of and control of one's cognitive abilities Average IQ score 100 Working Memory the structure of memory that can hold a sensory stimulus for up to 30 seconds after the trace decays Short term memory is also known as working memory What is convergent thinking? a thought process that attempts to focus on the single best solution to a problem Divergent thinking free and fluent association to the elements of a problem What is dramatic play? play in which children enact social roles Nonsocial Play Solitary forms of Play Constructive Play children use objects or materials to draw something or make something, such as a tower of blocks Symbolic Play Children create settings, characters and scripts Causes of infertility -low sperm count -poor sperm motility -sperm abnormalities -lack of ovulation -obstruction of Fallopian tubes