NSG 5140 Midterm Exam Review
Advanced Pathophysiology || Questions &
Answers | Complete Practice Test | Latest
2026–2027
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** All Questions with Verified Answer
** Guaranteed Pass
** 100% Correct Answers | Graded A+
,Sodium-Potassium Pump The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell,
creating an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential.
Mitochondria Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in
oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids,
lowering both bicarbonate and pH.
B Lymphocytes B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to
humoral immunity.
Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and
cell swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing
fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the
inflamed area.
Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by developmental delays
and distinct facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting
in liquefactive necrosis.
IgM IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and
complement activation.
Oncogene Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell
proliferation.
Hypokalemia Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of
arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread
inflammation and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary
movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing
cellular dysfunction.
, Bronchoconstriction and mucus production Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and
increased mucus, narrowing the airway.
Apoptosis Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells without
inflammation.
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and
causing infarction.
Serum creatinine Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest
impaired renal function.
Aldosterone Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to
increase blood volume.
Hypovolemic shock Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and cardiac
output.
Frank-Starling law of the heart Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing output.
Elevated LDL cholesterol LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls, promoting atherosclerosis.
Pulmonary edema Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing fluid accumulation and
respiratory symptoms.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) PTH increases serum calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Demyelination of CNS neurons MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS, impairing nerve
conduction.
Parkinson's disease Parkinson's results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, affecting
movement.
Decreased erythropoietin production Kidneys fail to produce erythropoietin, reducing RBC synthesis in the bone
marrow.
Air trapping and hyperinflation COPD causes loss of elastic recoil and obstruction, leading to air retention and
barrel chest.
Helicobacter pylori infection H. pylori disrupts the mucosal barrier and induces inflammation, promoting ulcer
formation.
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A spreads via contaminated food/water and typically causes acute, self-
limited illness.
Advanced Pathophysiology || Questions &
Answers | Complete Practice Test | Latest
2026–2027
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** All Questions with Verified Answer
** Guaranteed Pass
** 100% Correct Answers | Graded A+
,Sodium-Potassium Pump The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell,
creating an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential.
Mitochondria Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in
oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids,
lowering both bicarbonate and pH.
B Lymphocytes B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to
humoral immunity.
Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and
cell swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing
fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the
inflamed area.
Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by developmental delays
and distinct facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting
in liquefactive necrosis.
IgM IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and
complement activation.
Oncogene Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell
proliferation.
Hypokalemia Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of
arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread
inflammation and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary
movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing
cellular dysfunction.
, Bronchoconstriction and mucus production Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and
increased mucus, narrowing the airway.
Apoptosis Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells without
inflammation.
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and
causing infarction.
Serum creatinine Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest
impaired renal function.
Aldosterone Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to
increase blood volume.
Hypovolemic shock Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and cardiac
output.
Frank-Starling law of the heart Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing output.
Elevated LDL cholesterol LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls, promoting atherosclerosis.
Pulmonary edema Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing fluid accumulation and
respiratory symptoms.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) PTH increases serum calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Demyelination of CNS neurons MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS, impairing nerve
conduction.
Parkinson's disease Parkinson's results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, affecting
movement.
Decreased erythropoietin production Kidneys fail to produce erythropoietin, reducing RBC synthesis in the bone
marrow.
Air trapping and hyperinflation COPD causes loss of elastic recoil and obstruction, leading to air retention and
barrel chest.
Helicobacter pylori infection H. pylori disrupts the mucosal barrier and induces inflammation, promoting ulcer
formation.
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A spreads via contaminated food/water and typically causes acute, self-
limited illness.
