,NUR 5461 Modules 1-7 Quizzes & Final Exam: Advanced
Pathophysiology – William Paterson University | 2026/2027 Complete
Q&A Bank with Verified Answers & Detailed Rationales | Instant
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MODULE 1: Cellular Biology, Injury, and Genetics (Questions 1–10)
1. Which cellular adaptation involves a reversible replacement of one
mature cell type by another, often as a response to chronic irritation
or inflammation?
• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Metaplasia
• C. Dysplasia
• D. Atrophy
• Answer: B
• Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one adult
cell type (e.g., ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the respiratory
tract) by another mature cell type (e.g., stratified squamous
epithelial cells) in response to chronic injury or stress.
2. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is primarily mediated by which of the
following cellular mechanisms?
• A. Upregulation of intracellular calcium pumps
• B. Generation of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and
inflammatory cytokine release
• C. Permanent depletion of intracellular glycogen stores without
mitochondrial involvement
, • D. Excessive synthesis of protective heat-shock proteins
• Answer: B
• Rationale: When blood supply is restored to ischemic tissue,
sudden oxygen influx leads to a surge of reactive oxygen species
(free radicals), calcium overload, and neutrophil activation,
resulting in further structural membrane damage (reperfusion
injury).
3. Which form of programmed cell death is characterized by cellular
shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into apoptotic
bodies without eliciting a surrounding inflammatory response?
• A. Necrosis
• B. Autophagy
• C. Apoptosis
• D. Pyropoptosis
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Apoptosis is an active, regulated process of
programmed cell death that systematically dismantles cells
without spilling intracellular contents, thereby avoiding the
inflammation typically triggered by accidental cell death
(necrosis).
4. What genetic inheritance pattern is exhibited by a condition where
both males and females are affected equally, affected offspring have
at least one affected parent, and vertical transmission occurs through
multiple generations?
, • A. X-linked recessive
• B. Autosomal recessive
• C. Autosomal dominant
• D. Mitochondrial inheritance
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Autosomal dominant disorders manifest in
heterozygotes, affect males and females equally, do not skip
generations (vertical transmission), and each affected individual
has a 50% chance of passing the trait to offspring.
5. Which chromosomal aberration involves the translocation of
genetic material between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the
Philadelphia chromosome found in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia?
• A. Robertsonian translocation
• B. Reciprocal translocation
• C. Paracentric inversion
• D. Ring chromosome formation
• Answer: B
• Rationale: The Philadelphia chromosome is a classic example of a
reciprocal translocation, designated as 𝑡(9; 22), which creates the
BCR-ABL fusion gene encoding a persistently active tyrosine
kinase.
6. Accumulation of abnormal amounts of intracellular triglycerides
(steatosis) is most frequently observed in which organ due to
metabolic stress or toxins?
Pathophysiology – William Paterson University | 2026/2027 Complete
Q&A Bank with Verified Answers & Detailed Rationales | Instant
Download
MODULE 1: Cellular Biology, Injury, and Genetics (Questions 1–10)
1. Which cellular adaptation involves a reversible replacement of one
mature cell type by another, often as a response to chronic irritation
or inflammation?
• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Metaplasia
• C. Dysplasia
• D. Atrophy
• Answer: B
• Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one adult
cell type (e.g., ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the respiratory
tract) by another mature cell type (e.g., stratified squamous
epithelial cells) in response to chronic injury or stress.
2. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is primarily mediated by which of the
following cellular mechanisms?
• A. Upregulation of intracellular calcium pumps
• B. Generation of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and
inflammatory cytokine release
• C. Permanent depletion of intracellular glycogen stores without
mitochondrial involvement
, • D. Excessive synthesis of protective heat-shock proteins
• Answer: B
• Rationale: When blood supply is restored to ischemic tissue,
sudden oxygen influx leads to a surge of reactive oxygen species
(free radicals), calcium overload, and neutrophil activation,
resulting in further structural membrane damage (reperfusion
injury).
3. Which form of programmed cell death is characterized by cellular
shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into apoptotic
bodies without eliciting a surrounding inflammatory response?
• A. Necrosis
• B. Autophagy
• C. Apoptosis
• D. Pyropoptosis
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Apoptosis is an active, regulated process of
programmed cell death that systematically dismantles cells
without spilling intracellular contents, thereby avoiding the
inflammation typically triggered by accidental cell death
(necrosis).
4. What genetic inheritance pattern is exhibited by a condition where
both males and females are affected equally, affected offspring have
at least one affected parent, and vertical transmission occurs through
multiple generations?
, • A. X-linked recessive
• B. Autosomal recessive
• C. Autosomal dominant
• D. Mitochondrial inheritance
• Answer: C
• Rationale: Autosomal dominant disorders manifest in
heterozygotes, affect males and females equally, do not skip
generations (vertical transmission), and each affected individual
has a 50% chance of passing the trait to offspring.
5. Which chromosomal aberration involves the translocation of
genetic material between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the
Philadelphia chromosome found in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia?
• A. Robertsonian translocation
• B. Reciprocal translocation
• C. Paracentric inversion
• D. Ring chromosome formation
• Answer: B
• Rationale: The Philadelphia chromosome is a classic example of a
reciprocal translocation, designated as 𝑡(9; 22), which creates the
BCR-ABL fusion gene encoding a persistently active tyrosine
kinase.
6. Accumulation of abnormal amounts of intracellular triglycerides
(steatosis) is most frequently observed in which organ due to
metabolic stress or toxins?
