NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam with verified with
correct answers with rationales /instant pdf
1. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size due to increased workload?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, often caused by increased
workload or hormonal stimulation.
2. A decrease in cell size caused by reduced workload is called:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy occurs when cells decrease in size due to reduced workload, poor nutrition,
loss of innervation, or other factors.
3. Which type of cellular adaptation involves a reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another?
A. Metaplasia
B. Necrosis
C. Apoptosis
D. Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by
another better able to tolerate stress.
4. Which cellular process is a programmed, energy-dependent form of cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Ischemia
D. Autolysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that generally occurs without significant
inflammation.
,5. Which feature is most characteristic of necrosis?
A. Controlled cellular fragmentation
B. No inflammatory response
C. Cell swelling and membrane disruption
D. Normal cellular function
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Necrosis involves cellular injury, swelling, membrane disruption, and often an
inflammatory response.
6. Ischemia causes cellular injury primarily because it:
A. Increases oxygen delivery
B. Reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery
C. Increases ATP production
D. Prevents metabolic waste accumulation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia reduces blood flow, causing inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery and
impaired waste removal.
7. The most immediate consequence of decreased cellular oxygen is:
A. Increased oxidative phosphorylation
B. Reduced ATP production
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Increased mitochondrial efficiency
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Oxygen deficiency impairs oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in decreased ATP
production.
8. Which organelle is primarily responsible for aerobic ATP production?
A. Lysosome
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
9. Reactive oxygen species can cause cellular injury by damaging:
A. Lipids, proteins, and DNA
B. Water only
C. Calcium only
D. Sodium only
, Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Free radicals can damage cellular membranes, proteins, enzymes, and genetic
material.
10. Which process is an important mechanism of cell injury caused by calcium influx?
A. Activation of destructive enzymes
B. Increased ATP production
C. Improved membrane stability
D. Decreased mitochondrial damage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Excess intracellular calcium activates enzymes that damage membranes, proteins,
and DNA.
11. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation include:
A. Pallor, numbness, and hypothermia
B. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
C. Cyanosis and bradycardia only
D. Weight loss and fatigue only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Acute inflammation classically produces redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes
loss of function.
12. Which chemical mediator is primarily associated with increased vascular permeability
during acute inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Insulin
C. Erythropoietin
D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine promotes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
13. Which leukocyte is typically the first major cell type to arrive at an acute inflammatory
site?
A. Neutrophil
B. B lymphocyte
C. Eosinophil
D. Plasma cell
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils are usually the earliest predominant leukocytes in acute inflammation.
14. Chronic inflammation is commonly characterized by:
A. Neutrophils only
correct answers with rationales /instant pdf
1. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size due to increased workload?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, often caused by increased
workload or hormonal stimulation.
2. A decrease in cell size caused by reduced workload is called:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy occurs when cells decrease in size due to reduced workload, poor nutrition,
loss of innervation, or other factors.
3. Which type of cellular adaptation involves a reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another?
A. Metaplasia
B. Necrosis
C. Apoptosis
D. Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by
another better able to tolerate stress.
4. Which cellular process is a programmed, energy-dependent form of cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Ischemia
D. Autolysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that generally occurs without significant
inflammation.
,5. Which feature is most characteristic of necrosis?
A. Controlled cellular fragmentation
B. No inflammatory response
C. Cell swelling and membrane disruption
D. Normal cellular function
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Necrosis involves cellular injury, swelling, membrane disruption, and often an
inflammatory response.
6. Ischemia causes cellular injury primarily because it:
A. Increases oxygen delivery
B. Reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery
C. Increases ATP production
D. Prevents metabolic waste accumulation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia reduces blood flow, causing inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery and
impaired waste removal.
7. The most immediate consequence of decreased cellular oxygen is:
A. Increased oxidative phosphorylation
B. Reduced ATP production
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Increased mitochondrial efficiency
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Oxygen deficiency impairs oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in decreased ATP
production.
8. Which organelle is primarily responsible for aerobic ATP production?
A. Lysosome
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
9. Reactive oxygen species can cause cellular injury by damaging:
A. Lipids, proteins, and DNA
B. Water only
C. Calcium only
D. Sodium only
, Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Free radicals can damage cellular membranes, proteins, enzymes, and genetic
material.
10. Which process is an important mechanism of cell injury caused by calcium influx?
A. Activation of destructive enzymes
B. Increased ATP production
C. Improved membrane stability
D. Decreased mitochondrial damage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Excess intracellular calcium activates enzymes that damage membranes, proteins,
and DNA.
11. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation include:
A. Pallor, numbness, and hypothermia
B. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
C. Cyanosis and bradycardia only
D. Weight loss and fatigue only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Acute inflammation classically produces redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes
loss of function.
12. Which chemical mediator is primarily associated with increased vascular permeability
during acute inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Insulin
C. Erythropoietin
D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine promotes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
13. Which leukocyte is typically the first major cell type to arrive at an acute inflammatory
site?
A. Neutrophil
B. B lymphocyte
C. Eosinophil
D. Plasma cell
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils are usually the earliest predominant leukocytes in acute inflammation.
14. Chronic inflammation is commonly characterized by:
A. Neutrophils only
