NBME CBSE|VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS|RATED
AND GRADED A+ NEW UPDATE| 2026/2027
Type II pneumocytes - ANSWER✔ surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Type II pneumocytes - ANSWER✔ surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Polio live v killed vaccine - ANSWER✔ Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Polio live v killed vaccine - ANSWER✔ Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - ANSWER✔ Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
,Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - ANSWER✔ Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
Lung maturity determined with - ANSWER✔ Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
L >> S
Lung maturity determined with - ANSWER✔ Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes - ANSWER✔ Squamous gas diffusion
Type I pneumocytes - ANSWER✔ Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs - ANSWER✔ macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
Elastase in lungs - ANSWER✔ macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
Elastin stretches and recoils due to - ANSWER✔ Lysine interchain crosslinks
Elastin stretches and recoils due to - ANSWER✔ Lysine interchain crosslinks
air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - ANSWER✔ Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
,air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - ANSWER✔ Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ANSWER✔ Exhale of Tidal Volume
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ANSWER✔ Exhale of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by - ANSWER✔ LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
Lung Compliance is decreased by - ANSWER✔ LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
Lung Compliance is increased by - ANSWER✔ emphysema, age
Lung Compliance is increased by - ANSWER✔ emphysema, age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - ANSWER✔ DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - ANSWER✔ DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - ANSWER✔ pulmonary = systemic
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - ANSWER✔ pulmonary = systemic
, Anatomic pulmonary shunting - ANSWER✔ Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
Anatomic pulmonary shunting - ANSWER✔ Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
More ventilation is at the - ANSWER✔ BASE
More ventilation is at the - ANSWER✔ BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - ANSWER✔ basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - ANSWER✔ basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ANSWER✔ low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ANSWER✔ low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
CO2 transport to lungs - ANSWER✔ *carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
AND GRADED A+ NEW UPDATE| 2026/2027
Type II pneumocytes - ANSWER✔ surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Type II pneumocytes - ANSWER✔ surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Polio live v killed vaccine - ANSWER✔ Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Polio live v killed vaccine - ANSWER✔ Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - ANSWER✔ Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
,Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - ANSWER✔ Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
Lung maturity determined with - ANSWER✔ Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
L >> S
Lung maturity determined with - ANSWER✔ Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes - ANSWER✔ Squamous gas diffusion
Type I pneumocytes - ANSWER✔ Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs - ANSWER✔ macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
Elastase in lungs - ANSWER✔ macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
Elastin stretches and recoils due to - ANSWER✔ Lysine interchain crosslinks
Elastin stretches and recoils due to - ANSWER✔ Lysine interchain crosslinks
air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - ANSWER✔ Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
,air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - ANSWER✔ Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ANSWER✔ Exhale of Tidal Volume
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ANSWER✔ Exhale of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by - ANSWER✔ LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
Lung Compliance is decreased by - ANSWER✔ LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
Lung Compliance is increased by - ANSWER✔ emphysema, age
Lung Compliance is increased by - ANSWER✔ emphysema, age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - ANSWER✔ DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - ANSWER✔ DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - ANSWER✔ pulmonary = systemic
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - ANSWER✔ pulmonary = systemic
, Anatomic pulmonary shunting - ANSWER✔ Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
Anatomic pulmonary shunting - ANSWER✔ Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
More ventilation is at the - ANSWER✔ BASE
More ventilation is at the - ANSWER✔ BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - ANSWER✔ basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - ANSWER✔ basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ANSWER✔ low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ANSWER✔ low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
CO2 transport to lungs - ANSWER✔ *carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
