WGUl D236l Finall Exam–l Pathophysiologyl
Guidel (Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l |l 100%l
Verifiedl Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l Arteryl responsel duringl bloodl loss.l
Doesl celll shrinkl orl swelll ?
Answer:
*Vasoconstriction*
Q:l Marfanl Syndromel -l Autosomall dominantl trait
Answer:
Thisl conditionl isl inheritedl inl anl autosomall dominantl patternl ,l whichl meansl onel copyl
ofl thel alteredl genel inl eachl celll isl sufficientl tol causel thel disorder.l
Atl leastl 25l percentl ofl Marfanl syndromel casesl resultl froml al newl mutationl inl thel
FBN1l gene
Q:l Spinal Bifida
Answer:
Notl havingl enoughl *folicl acid*l duringl pregnancyl isl onel ofl thel mostl importantl factorsl
thatl canl increasel thel chancesl ofl havingl al childl withl spinal bifida.
Q:l Bursitis
Answer:
Inflammationl ofl al bursal sac.l Inflammationl ofl thel fluid-filledl padsl (bursae)l thatl actl asl
cushionsl atl thel joints.
,Q:l Sprainsl andl Strains
Answer:
Al sprainl occursl whenl youl overextendl orl tearl al ligamentl whilel severelyl stressingl al
joint.Al strainl occursl whenl tendonsl (bandsl atl thel endl ofl musclesl thatl connectl musclesl
tol bones)l getl stretchedl orl pulledl awayl froml thel bone.
Q:l Endometriosis
Answer:
#l *Painfull periodsl (dysmenorrhea)*.l Pelvicl painl andl crampingl mayl beginl beforel andl
extendl severall daysl intol al menstruall period.l
#Lowerl backl andl abdominall pain.
#Painl withl intercourse.l Painl duringl orl afterl sexl isl commonl withl endometriosis.
#Painl withl bowell movementsl orl urination.l You'rel mostl likelyl tol experiencel thesel
symptomsl duringl al menstruall period.
#Excessivel bleeding.l Youl mayl experiencel occasionall heavyl menstruall periodsl orl
bleedingl betweenl periodsl (intermenstruall bleeding).
#Infertility.l Sometimes,l endometriosisl isl firstl diagnosedl inl thosel seekingl treatmentl forl
infertility.
#Fatigue,l diarrhea,l constipation,l bloatingl orl nausea,l especiallyl duringl menstruall periods.
Q:l Ulcerativel colitis
Answer:
Ulcerativel colitisl isl anl *autoimmunel diseasel ofl thel largel intestine*,l specificallyl thel
*colonl andl rectum*.l
Itl affectsl thel mucosall layerl ofl thel largel intestine.
,Q:l #Aorticl stenosis/regurgitationl
#Mitrall stenosis/regurgitation
Answer:
*Mitrall valvel stenosis*l occursl whenl thel mitrall valvel inl thel heartl narrows,l restrictingl
bloodl flowl intol thel mainl pumpingl chamber.l Thel mitrall valvel mayl alsol leak,l causingl
*bloodl tol flowl backl throughl thel valvel eachl timel thel leftl ventriclel contracts*.l Thisl
conditionl isl calledl mitrall valvel regurgitation.
*Backflowl ofl blood*l isl causedl byl failurel ofl thel heart'sl mitrall valvel tol closel tightly.
*Mitrall valvel regurgitation*l isl al conditionl inl whichl thel heart'sl mitrall valvel doesl notl
closel tightly,l whichl allowsl *bloodl tol flowl backwardl inl thel heart*.
Q:l Howl couldl thel providerl distinguishl ulcerativel colitisl froml Crohnl disease?
Answer:
*Ulcerativel colitisl onlyl affectsl thel largel intestine*,l whilel *Crohn'sl diseasel canl affectl
thel entirel lengthl ofl thel gastrointestinall tract*.l Whilel diarrheal canl occurl inl both,l
ulcerativel colitisl isl morel likelyl tol presentl withl bloodl inl thel stool.l
Al colonoscopyl willl showl pseudopolypsl forl ulcerativel colitisl butl willl showl al
cobblestonel appearancel forl Crohn'sl disease.
Q:l Pancreatitis
Answer:
Pancreatitisl isl inflammationl ofl thel pancreasl thatl causesl pancreaticl insufficiency,l
malabsorption,l andl diabetes.l Pancreatitisl canl bel anl acutel orl chronicl disorder.l
Withl acutel pancreatitis,l therel isl al sudden,l short-terml episodel ofl inflammation.l Withl
chronicl pancreatitis,l thel glandl undergoesl repeatedl episodesl ofl inflammationl andl graduall
deterioration.l
Acutel pancreatitisl canl bel causedl byl
, #Gallstones
#Excessivel alcoholl consumption
#Highl bloodl triglycerides
#Abdominall injury,l
#Certainl medicationsl andl toxins.
Q:l Peritonsillarl abscess
Answer:
Al complicationl ofl tonsillitisl inl whichl thel infectionl spreadsl behindl thel tonsils.
Al peritonsillarl abscessl occursl whenl al collectionl ofl pusl formsl andl infectionl spreadsl
beyondl thel tonsilsl intol thel neckl andl chest.l Swollenl tissuesl canl blockl thel airway.
Symptomsl includel fever,l difficultyl swallowing,l andl severel throatl pain.l Antibioticsl canl
treatl anl earlyl infection.l Sometimesl al collectionl ofl pusl needsl tol bel drainedl byl al
procedurel calledl incisionl andl drainage.
Q:l Ulcers
Answer:
Thel constantl acidl irritationl leadsl tol ulcerationl ofl thel gastrointestinall cells,l alsol termedl
pepticl ulcer.l Thel constantl acidl irritationl leadsl tol ulcerationl ofl thel gastrointestinall cells,l
alsol termedl pepticl ulcer.
Duodenall ulcersl arel al typel ofl pepticl ulcerl thatl formsl inl thel upperl smalll intestine.l Thel
mostl commonl symptoml ofl al duodenall ulcerl isl al painl inl thel midl tol upperl stomachl
region,l especiallyl ifl thisl painl intensifiesl whenl thel stomachl isl emptyl orl ifl thel painl
wakesl youl upl inl thel middlel ofl thel night.
Esophageall ulcersl arel ulcersl thatl developl insidel ofl thel esophagus.l Thesel ulcersl canl
typicallyl bel treatedl withl changesl tol lifestylel andl diet,l coupledl withl certainl medicationsl
andl otherl treatments.
Q:l Craniall nerves
Guidel (Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l |l 100%l
Verifiedl Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l Arteryl responsel duringl bloodl loss.l
Doesl celll shrinkl orl swelll ?
Answer:
*Vasoconstriction*
Q:l Marfanl Syndromel -l Autosomall dominantl trait
Answer:
Thisl conditionl isl inheritedl inl anl autosomall dominantl patternl ,l whichl meansl onel copyl
ofl thel alteredl genel inl eachl celll isl sufficientl tol causel thel disorder.l
Atl leastl 25l percentl ofl Marfanl syndromel casesl resultl froml al newl mutationl inl thel
FBN1l gene
Q:l Spinal Bifida
Answer:
Notl havingl enoughl *folicl acid*l duringl pregnancyl isl onel ofl thel mostl importantl factorsl
thatl canl increasel thel chancesl ofl havingl al childl withl spinal bifida.
Q:l Bursitis
Answer:
Inflammationl ofl al bursal sac.l Inflammationl ofl thel fluid-filledl padsl (bursae)l thatl actl asl
cushionsl atl thel joints.
,Q:l Sprainsl andl Strains
Answer:
Al sprainl occursl whenl youl overextendl orl tearl al ligamentl whilel severelyl stressingl al
joint.Al strainl occursl whenl tendonsl (bandsl atl thel endl ofl musclesl thatl connectl musclesl
tol bones)l getl stretchedl orl pulledl awayl froml thel bone.
Q:l Endometriosis
Answer:
#l *Painfull periodsl (dysmenorrhea)*.l Pelvicl painl andl crampingl mayl beginl beforel andl
extendl severall daysl intol al menstruall period.l
#Lowerl backl andl abdominall pain.
#Painl withl intercourse.l Painl duringl orl afterl sexl isl commonl withl endometriosis.
#Painl withl bowell movementsl orl urination.l You'rel mostl likelyl tol experiencel thesel
symptomsl duringl al menstruall period.
#Excessivel bleeding.l Youl mayl experiencel occasionall heavyl menstruall periodsl orl
bleedingl betweenl periodsl (intermenstruall bleeding).
#Infertility.l Sometimes,l endometriosisl isl firstl diagnosedl inl thosel seekingl treatmentl forl
infertility.
#Fatigue,l diarrhea,l constipation,l bloatingl orl nausea,l especiallyl duringl menstruall periods.
Q:l Ulcerativel colitis
Answer:
Ulcerativel colitisl isl anl *autoimmunel diseasel ofl thel largel intestine*,l specificallyl thel
*colonl andl rectum*.l
Itl affectsl thel mucosall layerl ofl thel largel intestine.
,Q:l #Aorticl stenosis/regurgitationl
#Mitrall stenosis/regurgitation
Answer:
*Mitrall valvel stenosis*l occursl whenl thel mitrall valvel inl thel heartl narrows,l restrictingl
bloodl flowl intol thel mainl pumpingl chamber.l Thel mitrall valvel mayl alsol leak,l causingl
*bloodl tol flowl backl throughl thel valvel eachl timel thel leftl ventriclel contracts*.l Thisl
conditionl isl calledl mitrall valvel regurgitation.
*Backflowl ofl blood*l isl causedl byl failurel ofl thel heart'sl mitrall valvel tol closel tightly.
*Mitrall valvel regurgitation*l isl al conditionl inl whichl thel heart'sl mitrall valvel doesl notl
closel tightly,l whichl allowsl *bloodl tol flowl backwardl inl thel heart*.
Q:l Howl couldl thel providerl distinguishl ulcerativel colitisl froml Crohnl disease?
Answer:
*Ulcerativel colitisl onlyl affectsl thel largel intestine*,l whilel *Crohn'sl diseasel canl affectl
thel entirel lengthl ofl thel gastrointestinall tract*.l Whilel diarrheal canl occurl inl both,l
ulcerativel colitisl isl morel likelyl tol presentl withl bloodl inl thel stool.l
Al colonoscopyl willl showl pseudopolypsl forl ulcerativel colitisl butl willl showl al
cobblestonel appearancel forl Crohn'sl disease.
Q:l Pancreatitis
Answer:
Pancreatitisl isl inflammationl ofl thel pancreasl thatl causesl pancreaticl insufficiency,l
malabsorption,l andl diabetes.l Pancreatitisl canl bel anl acutel orl chronicl disorder.l
Withl acutel pancreatitis,l therel isl al sudden,l short-terml episodel ofl inflammation.l Withl
chronicl pancreatitis,l thel glandl undergoesl repeatedl episodesl ofl inflammationl andl graduall
deterioration.l
Acutel pancreatitisl canl bel causedl byl
, #Gallstones
#Excessivel alcoholl consumption
#Highl bloodl triglycerides
#Abdominall injury,l
#Certainl medicationsl andl toxins.
Q:l Peritonsillarl abscess
Answer:
Al complicationl ofl tonsillitisl inl whichl thel infectionl spreadsl behindl thel tonsils.
Al peritonsillarl abscessl occursl whenl al collectionl ofl pusl formsl andl infectionl spreadsl
beyondl thel tonsilsl intol thel neckl andl chest.l Swollenl tissuesl canl blockl thel airway.
Symptomsl includel fever,l difficultyl swallowing,l andl severel throatl pain.l Antibioticsl canl
treatl anl earlyl infection.l Sometimesl al collectionl ofl pusl needsl tol bel drainedl byl al
procedurel calledl incisionl andl drainage.
Q:l Ulcers
Answer:
Thel constantl acidl irritationl leadsl tol ulcerationl ofl thel gastrointestinall cells,l alsol termedl
pepticl ulcer.l Thel constantl acidl irritationl leadsl tol ulcerationl ofl thel gastrointestinall cells,l
alsol termedl pepticl ulcer.
Duodenall ulcersl arel al typel ofl pepticl ulcerl thatl formsl inl thel upperl smalll intestine.l Thel
mostl commonl symptoml ofl al duodenall ulcerl isl al painl inl thel midl tol upperl stomachl
region,l especiallyl ifl thisl painl intensifiesl whenl thel stomachl isl emptyl orl ifl thel painl
wakesl youl upl inl thel middlel ofl thel night.
Esophageall ulcersl arel ulcersl thatl developl insidel ofl thel esophagus.l Thesel ulcersl canl
typicallyl bel treatedl withl changesl tol lifestylel andl diet,l coupledl withl certainl medicationsl
andl otherl treatments.
Q:l Craniall nerves
