APHON Exam Questions with Correct Answers

APHON Exam Questions with Correct Answers


Question 1:
How does cancer start?
Answer:
with one cell; one genetic mutation


Question 2:
How are cyclins activated?
Answer:
When they are bound with a CDK enzyme


Question 3:
What do cyclins do?
Answer:
stimulate the cell to go to the next phase


Question 4:
What do CDK inhibitors do?
Answer:
prevent damaged cells from replicating


Question 5:
What is apoptosis?
Answer:
programmed cell death


Question 6:
What is a natural cell death where the cell blebbs and is removed by phagocytes? apoptosis
Do cancer cells have apoptosis?
Answer:
no

, Question 7:
What is the primary reason multiple chemotherapy agents are used to treat cancer? resistance
to single chemotherapy agents can develop
Why do we use multiple chemotherapy agents?
Answer:
to overcome drug resistance and give a broader range of coverage against naturally resistant
tumor cells


Question 8:
In the TNM staging system, what does the T stand for?
Answer:
primary Tumor size


Question 9:
In the TNM staging system, what does the N stand for?
Answer:
presence or absence of lymph Node involvement


Question 10:
In the TNM staging system, what does the M stand for?
Answer:
presence or absence of distant Metastases


Question 11:
What is pharmacodynamics?
Answer:
the effect of the medication on the body


Question 12:
What is pharmacokinetics?
Answer:
How the body affects the medication


Question 13:
What is pharmacogenetics?
Answer:
How their genetic makeup affects the response