HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM
2026
What is the function of the respiratory system? - ANSWER-Supply O2 and
eliminate CO2
What is external respiration? - ANSWER-The exchange of gases between the
atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
What is internal respiration? - ANSWER-The exchange of gases between blood
and the body cells.
What is the function of the passageways between the nasal cavity and the
alveoli? - ANSWER-Conduct gases to and from the lungs.
What is the function of the upper passageways? - ANSWER-Warm, filter, and
moisten incoming air.
What lines the upper respiratory tubules? - ANSWER-Cilia to help trap debris
and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs.
What occurs during inhalation? - ANSWER-The contraction of the diaphragm
to enlarge the thoracic cavity and draw air into the lungs
What occurs during exhalation? - ANSWER-The lungs recoil as the respiratory
muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.
,When is oxygen released from hemoglobin? - ANSWER-As the concentration
of O2 drops in tissues
What happens to carbon dioxide in red blood cells? - ANSWER-Some is carried
in solutions or bound to proteins in the blood.
Most is converted to carbonic anhydrase
What two systems make up the nervous system? - ANSWER-CNS-Central
nervous system
PNS-Peripheral nervous system
What makes up the PNS? - ANSWER-All the nerves that transmit information
to and from the CNS.
What is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons? - ANSWER-Transmit
information to and from the CNS.
What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons? - ANSWER-Transmit nerve
impulses away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles,
glands, and digestive organs.
What are the 3 major parts of the brain? - ANSWER-Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
What is the function of the cerebrum? - ANSWER-Movement & sensory input.
What is the function of the cerebellum? - ANSWER-Muscular coordination.
, What is the function of the medulla oblongata? - ANSWER-Controls vital
functions such as respiration and heart rate.
How long is the spinal cord? - ANSWER-18 inches long and extends from the
base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
How many pairs of nerves exit the spinal cord? - ANSWER-31 pairs of nerves
exit the spinal cord.
What are simple (spinal) reflexes? - ANSWER-Those in which nerve impulses
travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.
What is the function of the endocrine system? - ANSWER-Assist the nervous
system in homeostasis and plays important roles in sexual maturation.
Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet? - ANSWER-The
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
What does the hypothalamus govern? - ANSWER-The pituitary gland and is
controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood.
What is the function of the nephrons? - ANSWER-Filter material out of blood
brought through the kidneys by the renal artery.
In which renal structure does filtration actually occur? - ANSWER-Bowman's
capsule of the nephron.
What force aids filtration? - ANSWER-Blood pressure aids filtration in the
Bowman's capsule
2026
What is the function of the respiratory system? - ANSWER-Supply O2 and
eliminate CO2
What is external respiration? - ANSWER-The exchange of gases between the
atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
What is internal respiration? - ANSWER-The exchange of gases between blood
and the body cells.
What is the function of the passageways between the nasal cavity and the
alveoli? - ANSWER-Conduct gases to and from the lungs.
What is the function of the upper passageways? - ANSWER-Warm, filter, and
moisten incoming air.
What lines the upper respiratory tubules? - ANSWER-Cilia to help trap debris
and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs.
What occurs during inhalation? - ANSWER-The contraction of the diaphragm
to enlarge the thoracic cavity and draw air into the lungs
What occurs during exhalation? - ANSWER-The lungs recoil as the respiratory
muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.
,When is oxygen released from hemoglobin? - ANSWER-As the concentration
of O2 drops in tissues
What happens to carbon dioxide in red blood cells? - ANSWER-Some is carried
in solutions or bound to proteins in the blood.
Most is converted to carbonic anhydrase
What two systems make up the nervous system? - ANSWER-CNS-Central
nervous system
PNS-Peripheral nervous system
What makes up the PNS? - ANSWER-All the nerves that transmit information
to and from the CNS.
What is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons? - ANSWER-Transmit
information to and from the CNS.
What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons? - ANSWER-Transmit nerve
impulses away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles,
glands, and digestive organs.
What are the 3 major parts of the brain? - ANSWER-Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
What is the function of the cerebrum? - ANSWER-Movement & sensory input.
What is the function of the cerebellum? - ANSWER-Muscular coordination.
, What is the function of the medulla oblongata? - ANSWER-Controls vital
functions such as respiration and heart rate.
How long is the spinal cord? - ANSWER-18 inches long and extends from the
base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
How many pairs of nerves exit the spinal cord? - ANSWER-31 pairs of nerves
exit the spinal cord.
What are simple (spinal) reflexes? - ANSWER-Those in which nerve impulses
travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.
What is the function of the endocrine system? - ANSWER-Assist the nervous
system in homeostasis and plays important roles in sexual maturation.
Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet? - ANSWER-The
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
What does the hypothalamus govern? - ANSWER-The pituitary gland and is
controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood.
What is the function of the nephrons? - ANSWER-Filter material out of blood
brought through the kidneys by the renal artery.
In which renal structure does filtration actually occur? - ANSWER-Bowman's
capsule of the nephron.
What force aids filtration? - ANSWER-Blood pressure aids filtration in the
Bowman's capsule
