ISSA Strength and Conditioning Final
Updated Actual Question and Answer
(2026/2027) | A+ Verified
• Muscle fiber fatigue order -✓✓ Type 2a
Type 2x
Type 1
• lactic acid -✓✓ Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under
anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in
lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.
• elbow adduction -✓✓ No more than 90 degrees for healthy individuals/45 degrees for
people with problems
• Fundamentals of training programming -✓✓ Work capacity
Fitness
Preparedness
• Training parameters -✓✓ Exercise selection
Muscle growth
Motor unit recruitment
Firing rate of nerves
Physiological cross sectional area
• Phalanges -✓✓ bones of the fingers and toes
• Double pyramid -✓✓ Go up then down
• wave loading -✓✓ Varies in load or reps between one or more sets
• Prep Phase -✓✓ General physical preparation
Specific physical preparation
Sport specific preparation
• Talus -✓✓ By ankle
• respiratory system -✓✓ Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.
• Calcaneus -✓✓ By heel
,• Cervical rotation -✓✓ Neck rotation
• frontal plane (coronal plane) -✓✓ Abduction/adduction
• saggital plane -✓✓ flexion and extension
• transverse plane -✓✓ rotation
• The ankle is made up of -✓✓ The tibia/fibula/talus
• Osteoclasts -✓✓ Bone-destroying cells
• Osteoblasts -✓✓ bone forming cells
• Osteocytes -✓✓ mature bone cells
• Osteocytes -✓✓ mature bone cells
• order of spinal cord -✓✓ cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
• cancellous bone -✓✓ spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
• Short bones -✓✓ carpals and tarsals
• Marrow within bones produce blood cells. -✓✓ True
• axial skeleton -✓✓ Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage,
and vertebral column 80 bones
• appendicular skeleton -✓✓ Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the
axial skeleton 126 bones
• 5 types of bones -✓✓ Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and
sesamoid bones
• Facet joints -✓✓ synovial joints that link vertebrae and provide flexibility in the spine
• spinous process -✓✓ sharp, slender projection
• rectus femoris -✓✓ Middle of quad
• vastus lateralis -✓✓ a muscle toward the outer side of the leg
, • Transverse process -✓✓ two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
• cervical vertebrae -✓✓ 7 vertebrae
• thoracic vertebrae -✓✓ 12 vertebrae
• Resorption -✓✓ the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
• Wolff's Law -✓✓ A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed
upon it
• epiphyseal plate -✓✓ Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
• Stress fracture -✓✓ a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic,
excessive impact
• computed tomography (CT) -✓✓ brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-
rays of the brain
• Remodeling -✓✓ The process of resorption and formation of bone
• bone deposition -✓✓ the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by
osteoblasts
• Endosteum -✓✓ membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
• trabeculae -✓✓ supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
• Osteoporosis -✓✓ A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break
easily.
• Fissure -✓✓ an opening; a groove; a split in bone
• hyaline cartilage -✓✓ Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long
bones, ribs, and nose
• articular cartilage -✓✓ covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form
joints
• Fibrocartilage -✓✓ intervertebral discs
• elastic cartilage -✓✓ cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline
cartilage
Updated Actual Question and Answer
(2026/2027) | A+ Verified
• Muscle fiber fatigue order -✓✓ Type 2a
Type 2x
Type 1
• lactic acid -✓✓ Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under
anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in
lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.
• elbow adduction -✓✓ No more than 90 degrees for healthy individuals/45 degrees for
people with problems
• Fundamentals of training programming -✓✓ Work capacity
Fitness
Preparedness
• Training parameters -✓✓ Exercise selection
Muscle growth
Motor unit recruitment
Firing rate of nerves
Physiological cross sectional area
• Phalanges -✓✓ bones of the fingers and toes
• Double pyramid -✓✓ Go up then down
• wave loading -✓✓ Varies in load or reps between one or more sets
• Prep Phase -✓✓ General physical preparation
Specific physical preparation
Sport specific preparation
• Talus -✓✓ By ankle
• respiratory system -✓✓ Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.
• Calcaneus -✓✓ By heel
,• Cervical rotation -✓✓ Neck rotation
• frontal plane (coronal plane) -✓✓ Abduction/adduction
• saggital plane -✓✓ flexion and extension
• transverse plane -✓✓ rotation
• The ankle is made up of -✓✓ The tibia/fibula/talus
• Osteoclasts -✓✓ Bone-destroying cells
• Osteoblasts -✓✓ bone forming cells
• Osteocytes -✓✓ mature bone cells
• Osteocytes -✓✓ mature bone cells
• order of spinal cord -✓✓ cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
• cancellous bone -✓✓ spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
• Short bones -✓✓ carpals and tarsals
• Marrow within bones produce blood cells. -✓✓ True
• axial skeleton -✓✓ Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage,
and vertebral column 80 bones
• appendicular skeleton -✓✓ Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the
axial skeleton 126 bones
• 5 types of bones -✓✓ Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and
sesamoid bones
• Facet joints -✓✓ synovial joints that link vertebrae and provide flexibility in the spine
• spinous process -✓✓ sharp, slender projection
• rectus femoris -✓✓ Middle of quad
• vastus lateralis -✓✓ a muscle toward the outer side of the leg
, • Transverse process -✓✓ two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
• cervical vertebrae -✓✓ 7 vertebrae
• thoracic vertebrae -✓✓ 12 vertebrae
• Resorption -✓✓ the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
• Wolff's Law -✓✓ A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed
upon it
• epiphyseal plate -✓✓ Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
• Stress fracture -✓✓ a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic,
excessive impact
• computed tomography (CT) -✓✓ brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-
rays of the brain
• Remodeling -✓✓ The process of resorption and formation of bone
• bone deposition -✓✓ the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by
osteoblasts
• Endosteum -✓✓ membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
• trabeculae -✓✓ supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
• Osteoporosis -✓✓ A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break
easily.
• Fissure -✓✓ an opening; a groove; a split in bone
• hyaline cartilage -✓✓ Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long
bones, ribs, and nose
• articular cartilage -✓✓ covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form
joints
• Fibrocartilage -✓✓ intervertebral discs
• elastic cartilage -✓✓ cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline
cartilage
