NURSl 5463/l NURS5463l Examl 4l (Newl
2026/l 2027l Update)l Adultl Gerontologyl
Acutel Carel Review|l Questionsl &l
Answersl |l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l UTA
QUESTION
Aorticl Stenosis:l Definition
Answer:
Isl thel obstructionl ofl bloodl flowl acrossl orl throughl thel aorticl valve.
QUESTION
Aorticl Stenosis:l Causes
Answer:
Rheumaticl heartl diseasel especiallyl inl underdevelopedl countries
QUESTION
Aorticl Stenosis:l Examl Findings
Answer:
-l Harsh,l systolic,l crescendo-decrescendol murmurl locatedl atl thel rightl upperl sternall
borderl thatl radiatesl tol thel carotids.
-l Onl auscultation,l thel secondl heartl soundl mayl lackl al splitl andl canl bel heardl asl al
singlel soundl duringl inspiration.l Al mid-systolicl ejectionl murmur,l heardl bestl overl thel
rightl secondl intercostall space,l withl radiationl intol thel rightl neck.l
Aorticl stenosisl hasl al veryl distinctl blowingl soundl thatl oncel youl hearl it,l youl willl neverl
forget.
,QUESTION
Aorticl Stenosis:l Treatment
Answer:
-l AVRl isl indicatedl inl patientsl withl heartl failurel andl volumel overload,l butl diureticsl canl
helpl decreasel congestionl andl providel symptomaticl reliefl beforel surgery.l
-l AVRl isl recommendedl inl adultsl withl symptomaticl aorticl stenosisl evenl ifl thel
symptomsl arel mild.l
-l Itl isl alsol recommendedl inl asymptomaticl patientsl withl severel aorticl stenosisl withl EFl
>l 50%l andl whol arel undergoingl CABG.
-l AVRl canl bel withl al surgicall orl transcatheterl approach.
QUESTION
Valvel Disorders:l Diastolicl vsl Systolic
Mnemonic
Answer:
MS.l ARD
Mitrall Stenosis
Aorticl Regurgitaiton
---l Diastolicl ---
MR.l ASS
Mitrall Regurgitation
Aorticl Stenosis
---l Systolicl ---
QUESTION
End-stagel Heartl Failurel Therapies
Answer:
ICD
Cardiacl Revascularization
LVAD
Transplant
,Palliativel Care
Medications
-l Diuretics
-l Inotropes
-l Vasodilators
-l Digoxin
-l Opioids
QUESTION
Pericarditis
Answer:
-l Inflammationl ofl thel sacl surroundingl thel heart
-l Kussmaull signl (pressurel elevatedl inl JVPl andl pressurel duringl inspiration)
QUESTION
Pericarditis:l Examl Findings
Answer:
-l Fever
-l Pleuriticl chestl pain,l increasedl inl supinel position
-l Pericardiall Frictionl rubl NOTl pleurall (inspirationl rub).l Havel thel patientl holdl theirl
breath.
-l Localized,l retrosternall chestl painl thatl isl pleuritisl inl nature.
-l Thel patientl mayl findl thatl theirl painl isl relievedl byl sittingl forward.
-l Widespreadl STl segmentl elevation
QUESTION
Pericarditis:l Causes
Answer:
1.l *Idiopathicl (unknown)l -l mostl common*l
-l Oftenl unablel tol identifyl thel exactl causel ofl pericarditis.
2.l Microorganismsl -l Viral,l bacterial,l fungal
3.l *Oftenl followsl al respiratoryl infection*
, 4.l Renall failure
5.l Previousl cardiacl surgery
6.l Aorticl dissection
7.l Trauma
8.l MI
-l Dressler'sl syndromel (forml ofl pericarditis)l mayl occurl afterl anl MIl orl cardiacl surgery
9.l Malignancy
-l Lungl andl breastl tissue
-l Hodgkin'sl disease
-l Mesothelioma
QUESTION
Pericarditis:l Treatment
Answer:
-l NSAIDs,l ASA
-l Corticosteroids
-l Colchicine
-l Indomethacin
-l Abx
-l Pain
-l Monitorl forl tamponade
QUESTION
Cardiacl reasonsl forl syncope
Answer:
Arrhythmiasl (Electricall Causes)
-l Bradyarrhythmias:
-l Sinusl nodel dysfunctionl (e.g.,l sickl sinusl syndrome).
-l Atrioventricularl (AV)l blockl (e.g.,l Mobitzl II,l third-degreel block).
Tachyarrhythmias:
-l Ventricularl tachycardial (VT):l
-l Ventricularl fibrillationl (VF):l
-l Supraventricularl tachycardial (SVT):l
-l Atriall fibrillationl withl RVR
Longl QTl syndrome:
2026/l 2027l Update)l Adultl Gerontologyl
Acutel Carel Review|l Questionsl &l
Answersl |l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l UTA
QUESTION
Aorticl Stenosis:l Definition
Answer:
Isl thel obstructionl ofl bloodl flowl acrossl orl throughl thel aorticl valve.
QUESTION
Aorticl Stenosis:l Causes
Answer:
Rheumaticl heartl diseasel especiallyl inl underdevelopedl countries
QUESTION
Aorticl Stenosis:l Examl Findings
Answer:
-l Harsh,l systolic,l crescendo-decrescendol murmurl locatedl atl thel rightl upperl sternall
borderl thatl radiatesl tol thel carotids.
-l Onl auscultation,l thel secondl heartl soundl mayl lackl al splitl andl canl bel heardl asl al
singlel soundl duringl inspiration.l Al mid-systolicl ejectionl murmur,l heardl bestl overl thel
rightl secondl intercostall space,l withl radiationl intol thel rightl neck.l
Aorticl stenosisl hasl al veryl distinctl blowingl soundl thatl oncel youl hearl it,l youl willl neverl
forget.
,QUESTION
Aorticl Stenosis:l Treatment
Answer:
-l AVRl isl indicatedl inl patientsl withl heartl failurel andl volumel overload,l butl diureticsl canl
helpl decreasel congestionl andl providel symptomaticl reliefl beforel surgery.l
-l AVRl isl recommendedl inl adultsl withl symptomaticl aorticl stenosisl evenl ifl thel
symptomsl arel mild.l
-l Itl isl alsol recommendedl inl asymptomaticl patientsl withl severel aorticl stenosisl withl EFl
>l 50%l andl whol arel undergoingl CABG.
-l AVRl canl bel withl al surgicall orl transcatheterl approach.
QUESTION
Valvel Disorders:l Diastolicl vsl Systolic
Mnemonic
Answer:
MS.l ARD
Mitrall Stenosis
Aorticl Regurgitaiton
---l Diastolicl ---
MR.l ASS
Mitrall Regurgitation
Aorticl Stenosis
---l Systolicl ---
QUESTION
End-stagel Heartl Failurel Therapies
Answer:
ICD
Cardiacl Revascularization
LVAD
Transplant
,Palliativel Care
Medications
-l Diuretics
-l Inotropes
-l Vasodilators
-l Digoxin
-l Opioids
QUESTION
Pericarditis
Answer:
-l Inflammationl ofl thel sacl surroundingl thel heart
-l Kussmaull signl (pressurel elevatedl inl JVPl andl pressurel duringl inspiration)
QUESTION
Pericarditis:l Examl Findings
Answer:
-l Fever
-l Pleuriticl chestl pain,l increasedl inl supinel position
-l Pericardiall Frictionl rubl NOTl pleurall (inspirationl rub).l Havel thel patientl holdl theirl
breath.
-l Localized,l retrosternall chestl painl thatl isl pleuritisl inl nature.
-l Thel patientl mayl findl thatl theirl painl isl relievedl byl sittingl forward.
-l Widespreadl STl segmentl elevation
QUESTION
Pericarditis:l Causes
Answer:
1.l *Idiopathicl (unknown)l -l mostl common*l
-l Oftenl unablel tol identifyl thel exactl causel ofl pericarditis.
2.l Microorganismsl -l Viral,l bacterial,l fungal
3.l *Oftenl followsl al respiratoryl infection*
, 4.l Renall failure
5.l Previousl cardiacl surgery
6.l Aorticl dissection
7.l Trauma
8.l MI
-l Dressler'sl syndromel (forml ofl pericarditis)l mayl occurl afterl anl MIl orl cardiacl surgery
9.l Malignancy
-l Lungl andl breastl tissue
-l Hodgkin'sl disease
-l Mesothelioma
QUESTION
Pericarditis:l Treatment
Answer:
-l NSAIDs,l ASA
-l Corticosteroids
-l Colchicine
-l Indomethacin
-l Abx
-l Pain
-l Monitorl forl tamponade
QUESTION
Cardiacl reasonsl forl syncope
Answer:
Arrhythmiasl (Electricall Causes)
-l Bradyarrhythmias:
-l Sinusl nodel dysfunctionl (e.g.,l sickl sinusl syndrome).
-l Atrioventricularl (AV)l blockl (e.g.,l Mobitzl II,l third-degreel block).
Tachyarrhythmias:
-l Ventricularl tachycardial (VT):l
-l Ventricularl fibrillationl (VF):l
-l Supraventricularl tachycardial (SVT):l
-l Atriall fibrillationl withl RVR
Longl QTl syndrome:
