Foundations Midterm Jersey College Questions and Answers

Foundations Midterm Jersey College Questions and Answers advocate the protection of human or legal rights and the securing of care for all patients based on the belief that patients have the right to make informed decisions about their health and lives caregiver The provision of care to patients that combines both the art and the science of nursing in meeting physical, emotional, intellectual, sociocultural, and spiritual needs. As a caregiver, the nurse integrates the roles of communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, and collaborator to promote wellness through activities that prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping with disability or death. The role of caregiver is the primary role of the nurse. 4 Nursing Aims 1. promotes health 2. prevent illness/disease 3. restore health 4. facilitate coping with disability or death(die with dignity) Florence Nightingale Established sanitary nursing care units. Founder of modern nursing. began professional education of nursing. nursing profession criteria well defined body of specific and unique knowledge strong service oriented recognized authority by a professional group Code of Ethics Professional organization that sets standards Ongoing research Autonomy and self-regulation Standards of Nursing Practice allow nurses to carry out professional roles, serving as protection for the nurse, the patient, and the institution where health care is provided Nurse Practice Act laws established in each state in the US to regulate the practice of nursing Nursing Process Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation Used by the nurse to identify the patients health care needs and strengths, to establish and carry out a care plan to meet those needs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan Sources of Knowledge Traditional-passed down from generation to generation Authoritative-comes from an expert Scientific-implying through research (scientific method) General Systems Theory how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in systems Adaptation Theory defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions developmental theory process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death nursing theory differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities by serving the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices deductive reasoning general to specific inductive reasoning specific to general Common Concepts in Nursing Theories Person (patient) Environment Health Nursing Sister Callista Roy Nursing interventions are needed when individuals demonstrate ineffective adaptive responses; adaptive modes. adaptation model, relationships between persons, universe, god, Adaptation model: assistance with the adaptation to stressors to facilitate the integration process of the client. Theory helps the "biospsychosocial" client modify external stimuli, adaptation will occur evidence-based practice in nursing is a problem solving approach to making clinical decisions using the best evidence available PICOT format Patient population Intervention or issue of interest Comparison intervention Outcome Time frame holistic health care care that addresses the many dimensions that comprise the whole person- the nurse must understand and respect each persons own definition of health and responses to illness acute illness has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time chronic illness irreversible illness that causes permanent physical impairment and requires long-term health care chronic disease heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity, arthritis Illness Behaviors actions taken by a person who feels sick and indulges in the behavior for the purpose of defining the state of his or her health and for discovering suitable remedies Illness behaviors Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms Stage 2: Assuming the sick role Stage 3: Assuming a dependent role Stage 4: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation The human dimensions Physical-genetic inheritence, race, sex Emotional- the mind effects, stress Intellectual-educational background Environmental- housing, climate Sociocultural- family and culture Spiritual-spiritual beliefs and values health promotion behavior of an individual motivated by a personal desire to increase well-being and health potential Risk factors for health age, genetic factors, physiologic factors, health habits, lifestyle, environment primary health promotion seat belts, immunizations, safe sex practices, diet and exercise, reducing alcohol consumption, smoking cessation , avoiding drugs secondary health promotion screenings, examinations, family counseling tertiary health promotion medication, rehabilitation, therapy, job training, treatment The health belief model focuses on what people perceive or believe to be true about themselves in relation to their health the health promotion model developed to illustrate how people interact with their environment as they pursue health the health-illness continuum -Conceptualizes a person's level of health -Views health as a constantly changing state with high-level wellness and death on opposite sides of a continuum -Illustrates the dynamic (ever-changing) state of health the agent-host-environment model views the interaction between an external agent, a susceptible host, and the environment as causes of disease in a person Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Love and Belonging, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization Physiologic needs include: oxygen, water, food, elimination, temperature, sexuality, physical activity, and rest Safety and Security needs include: being protected from potential or actual harm, trusting others, being free and clear of fear, anxiety, and apprehension Love and belonging needs include: feeling of belonging to a group such as family, peers, friends, giving and receiving love Self-esteem needs include: the need for one to feel good about himself, to feel pride, and a sense of accomplishment self-actualization needs include: reach their full potential through development of their unique capabilities Family any group of people who live together and depend on one another for physical, emotional, or financial support community health nursing focuses on whole populations within a community Community based nursing ~ Is centered on the health care needs of individuals and families culture shared set of beliefs, values, knowledge, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people cultural diversity The coexistence of different ethnic, gender, racial, and socioeconomic groups within one social unit Subculture large group of ppl who are members of the larger cultural group but have a certain ethnic, occupational, or physical characteristics cultural assimilation Absorption of a culturally distinct group into a dominant or prevailing culture ethnicity Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Stereotyping when one assumes that all members of a culture, ethnic group, or race act alike cultural blindness Ignores differences and proceeds as if they did not exist cultural imposition belief that everyone should conform to the majority belief system cultural conflict respond by ridiculing the beliefs of others to feel more secure about their own Pain is what the patient says it is Never stereotype a patients perceptions of or response to pain respect the patients rights to respond in his or her own manner recognize that culture is an important component of individuality culturally respectful nursing care care is planned and implemented in a way that is sensitive to the needs of individuals, families, and groups from diverse populations within society cultural competence having an awareness and acceptance of cultures and the ability to interact effectively with people of diverse cultures ethical problems paternalism, deception, privacy and social media, confidentiality,allocation of scarce nursing resources, valid consent, conflicts concerning new technologies, unprofessional incompetent unethical or illegal physician practice, short staffing issues, beginning of life issues, end- of life issues modeling Children learn what is of high or low value by observing parents, peers, and significant others. Moralizing Taught complete value system that allows little opportunity to assess their own values.x church or school Laissez-faire leave children to explore values on their own rewards and punishments children are rewarded for demonstrating values held by parents and punished for demonstrating unacceptable values responsible choice encourage children to explore competing values and to weigh their consequences autonomy right to self-determination alturism a concern for others; generosity Social Justice upholding moral, legal, and humanistic principles Bioethics a number of fields and disciplines grouped broadly under the rubric "the life sciences" nursing ethics a subset of bioethics; formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing and of the analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgments Nonmaleficence do no harm fidelity keeping promises and commitments made to others Beneficence to do good moral distress occurs when the individual knows the right thing to do but organizational constraints make it difficult to take the right course of action ethical dilemma a situation in which you have to decide whether to pursue a course of action that may benefit you or your organization but that is unethical or even illegal Common Law court made law- let the decision stand nurse practice acts laws established in each state in the US to regulate the practice of nursing state legislation what is the scope of nursing practice defined by board of nursing Regulatory agency that manages the provisions of a state's nurse practice act Accreditation process by which an educational program is evaluated and then recognized as having met certain predetermined standards of education assualt occurs when an individual threatens to harm an innocent person using words, gestures, or both. Battery an assault in which the assailant makes physical contact HIPAA ensures that patients have the following rights to see a copy of their health record update their health record request corrections of mistakes get a list of disclosures restrict use choose how to receive health information Negligence performing an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances would not do, or failing to perform an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances would do Malpractice Negligence by a professional person Elements of Liability for Nursing Malpractice duty, breach of duty, causation, damages-actual harm competent practice Each nurse is responsible for making sure that his or her educational background and clinical experience are adequate to fulfill the nursing responsibilities described in the job description. it includes developing sensitivity to common sources of patient injury, and then taking specific measures to prevent injury. Documentation of practice is key. Informed consent includes disclosure, comprehension, competence, and voluntariness delegating as a nurse you remain accountable for any actions you delegate. You cant delegate the nursing process documentation A crucial legal safeguard for the nurse. Must be factual, accurate, complete, and done in a timely fashion incident report Also called a variance or occurrence report, is a tool used by healthcare agencies to document the occurrence of anything out of the ordinary that results in or has the potential to result in harm to a patient, employee, or visitor. Student liability As a student nurse you are responsible for your own acts of negligence if these result in patient injury and are held to the same standards of care that would be used to evaluate a the actions of a registered nurse. For no reason should you attempt a clinical procedure if you are unsure of the correct steps involved. As a student nurse you are also responsible for being familiar with agency policies and procedures. Primary Health Care family planning, prenatal care, immunization, health education, medications, diagnostic test Secondary Health Care Disease identification and management Tertiary Health Care Management of rare and complex disorders medical home an enhanced model of primary care that provides whole-person, accessible, comprehensive, ongoing, and coordinated patient-centered care DRGs Diagnosis Related Groups-a classification system for hospital inpatients based on the principal diagnosis; reimbursement is usually based on days of stay. shorter hospital stays reflects means that most hospital care is focused on the acute needs of the patient. Improved treatment of diseases, increased emphasis on preventative care, federal regulations, and other health care reimbursement policies hospice provides palliative or supportive care for terminally ill patients and their families palliative care Care designed not to treat an illness but to provide physical and emotional comfort to the patient and support and guidance to his or her family. Trends in Health care Delivery -Increasing Diversity -Changing demographics -Technology explosion -Globalization of economy and society -Educated and engaged consumers -Cost of Healthcare -Effect of health policy and regulation -Shortages of key health professionals